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Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

When did ships increasingly conduct long-distance trade, and where did these ships typically sail from? What did they cross and what was their destination?

A

Traveling by land was more popular than traveling by sea during the Classical Age( 500 BC- 500 AD) along the Silk Roads. During the Post-classical Age, (501-1453AD) travel by ship along the Silk Roads surpassed travel by land.

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2
Q

Because merchants did not face such great risks as in previous eras, what happened to the costs of long-distance trade and its volume?

A

During much of the Classical era (500 BC - 500 AD), rulers of empires such as the Han, Mauryan, Gupta, Kushan, Persian (all 5 of them) and Romans invested heavily in improving the Silk Roads including keeping them safe for the merchants to travel. Disease eventually lowered this investment as fewer people traveled these roads during the later Classical Age.

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3
Q

From what country did silk mostly come from?

A

Silk from China was the most sought after commodity of Silk Roads Trade.

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4
Q

Why were spices extremely important during the First Silk Roads Era and what did these spices serve as?

A

Spices during the entire time of the Silk Roads had many more uses than they do in the modern world. Aphrodisiacs were always in great demand during the Silk Road trade.

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5
Q

What did survivors of epidemics from the ancient world acquire and what was carried by these survivors when they began to colonize much of the world in the sixteenth century and what was the result on peoples in the Americas?

A

Until the sixteenth century, the western Hemisphere remained isolated from Eastern Hemisphere diseases such as smallpox, bubonic plague, and measles. The Columbian Exchange introduced Eastern Hemisphere diseases to the people of the Western hemisphere beginning in the sixteenth century with devastating consequences.

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6
Q

What disease caused the Chinese and Roman populations to decline sharply during the second and third centuries C.E.

A

Smallpox has been the greatest killer of all humankind. Today smallpox has been eradicated and only exists in frozen vials stored in select places in the United States and Russia.

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7
Q

What do your authors state about the Mediterranean and Chinese populations by 600 C.E..?

A

Disease played a large role in demographic decline by lowering the populations of both the Mediterranean and Chinese populations during and after the later Classic period (500 BC-500 AD

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8
Q

What rulers during the Classical Era (500BC-500AD) invested heavily in.

A

Rulers invested heavily in the construction of roads.

Examples of Classical Empires
Han Empire
Achaemenid
Roman Empire
Kushan Empire

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9
Q

What did the Silk Road reach?

A

The Silk Roads reached their zenith after the classical empires during the Post-classical period(500-1453 AD)

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10
Q

Post-Classical Empires- examples?

A

Tange Empires
Byzantine Empire
Abbasid Empire

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11
Q

Silk Roads- Overland Trade Routes

A

-These roads collectively are referred to as the “silk roads” since high-quality silk from China was one of the principal commodities exchanged over these roads.

-Very few merchants ever traveled the entire distance.

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12
Q

Han Capital at Chang’an

A

Chang’an has always been considered the starting point of this road
-From Chang’an the main Silk Road went westward where it split at the Taklamakan Desert into main branches

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13
Q

Maritime Routes

A

Silk Road trade by sea during the post-Classical period would surpass the Silk Road trade by land.

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14
Q

Trades Goods during the Classical times

A

-Spices were extremely important commodities in Classical times because they had many more uses than they do today
-Besides flavoring agents and preservations, they served as drugs, aphrodisiacs, perfumes, aromatics, and magical potions.

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15
Q

China and Southeast Asia always sought?

A

They sought old, silver, and ivory from the West!

-The Art of appearing was a Chinese invention
-The Islamic world took this invention from the Chinese and mass-produced paper.

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16
Q

Spread of Religion in Classical Period

A

Mahayana Buddhism became the most prominent faith of the Silk Roads’ merchants (for almost a thousand years)
-(Thus the maritime silk roads helped spread both Buddhism and Hinduism from India into Southeast Asia)

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17
Q

Who was the key individual who helped spread Buddhism in China?

A

XuanZang- shoo wen Zhang

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18
Q

What did XuanZang do?

A

He continued to translate Buddhist treatises and helped proselytize with the adoption of Buddhism in China.

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19
Q

The Spread of Christianity in Classical- Period

A

Christianity that spread eastward along the Silk road from Mesopotamia was called Nestorian Christianity.

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20
Q

The Spread of Manichaeism in Classical- Period

A

Manichaeism was the faith derived from the prophet Mani
His religion was a syncretic blend of Zoroastrian Christian and Buddhist elements.

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21
Q

Spread of Disease, during the silk road

A

The rapid spread of disease was a major downside to the Silk Road.
-thus diseases contributed to the weakening of the Roman Empire and to serious instability in China after the collapse of the Han dynasty in 220 A.D

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22
Q

Fall of the Western Roman Empire- Diocletian

A

Associate the tetrarchy with Diocletian

( Diocletian )
-Used the Tetrarchy to administer the Roman Empire
-Several persecuted Christians
-He several persecuted Christians who he blamed for the troubles that had beset the Empire.

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23
Q

Fall of the Western Roman Empire- Constanine

A

Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Byzantium,
(after his death would be renamed Constantinople)
-Moved the capital of the Roman Empire from Rome to Constantinople
-Became the first Roman emperor to officially end persecution of Christians throughout the Roman Empire.

The principal reason for the collapse of the Western Roman Empire was the onslaught of barbarian invasions.

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24
Q

The date for the collapse of the Western Roman Empire

A

Was 476 A.D. The Eastern Roman Empire ( The Byzantine Empire) would not fall for almost 1,000 years later.

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25
St.Augustine
-He would be best known as the Father of the Church -His greatest work is “The City of God”
26
Heresies
-Strengthened the early Christian Church by forcing it to redefine its positions. Cultural Changes in the Late Roman Empire -The bishop of Rome became the head of the Church in the West only one to be called “Pope.”
27
Father of the Church
The principle teachings of the Christian religion are found in the New Testament. Jerome- He translated both the Old and New Testaments from Greek into Latin.
28
Muhammad and his message
His move from Mecca to Medina became known as hijra(migration) and serves as the starting point of the official Islamic calendar. He began to refer to himself as the “seal of the prophets” in which he would be the final prophet through whom Allah would reveal his message to Humankind
29
Hijra
migration
30
During the 650s, these written versions of Muahmmad’s revelations were issued as?
The Quran (recitation), which would become the holy book of Islam.
31
What did Mulisms have to undertake if they were physically and financially?
-Must undertake the hajj and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca. - -Islamic holy law, known as the Sharia emerged after the death of Muhammad and offers detailed guidance on proper behavior in almost every aspect of life. Thus in the century after Muhammad’s death, Islamic armies under the Umayyad
32
Umayyad Dynasty carried out their greatest military expansion against two empires:
1. Sassanid Empire - Islamic forces overthrew the Sassanid Empire ( the last 4 great Persian empires) 2. Byzantine Empire
33
Division in Islam
Disagreement over succession led to the emergence of the Shia sect, the most essential enduring of all the alternatives observed by most Muslims, known as Sunni Islam.
34
Umayyad Dynasty
Islam split over the succession of Muhammad into Sunnis and Shia, and the majority of Muslims today are Sunnis.
35
Under the Umayyads, Islam carried out its greatest military expansion.
-The Umayyads ruling the dar al-islam( “house of Islam”) favored the Arab military aristocracy by distributing land and positions of power among the privileged class -The Arabs mostly allowed conquered people to observe their religions, they levied a special head tax, the jizya, on those who did not convert to Islam
36
dar al-islam
house of Islam
37
Umayyad Dynasty/Abbasid Dynasties
-The Abbasid dynasty ended the Umayyad dynasty. While Arabs continued to play a large role in government, Persians, Egyptians, Mesopotamians, and others also rose to positions of wealth and power, Abbasids showed no special favor to Arab military aristocracy like the Umayyads had
38
Abbasid Dynasty
-The Abbasid dynasty also differed from the Umayyad in that it was not a conquering dynasty. -The battle of Talas River -Central authority came from Baghdad, where they built a magnificent new city as Islam did not recognize priests -Qadis heard cases of law and rendered decisions based on the Quran and the Sharia -Helped to ensure widespread observance of Islamic law
39
The Abbasid Empire was officially ended by?
The Mongols
40
-The Abbasid dynasty ended the?
Umayyad dynasty.
41
Economic and Society( Early Islamic World)
-The most important crops travel from India to westward -The introduction of these crops into western regions of the Islamic world led to a dramatic increase in food supply -Increased agricultural populations contributed heavily to the growth of cities in all parts of the Islamic world.
42
Trading in the Early Islamic World
Islamic society drew music of its prosperity from commerce
43
Martime Trade in Early Islamic World
-Banks also stimulated the commercial economy of the Islamic world. -Because of improved transportation, expanded banking services and refined business organization techniques, long-distance trade surged in the early Islamic world.
44
The Liberian Peninsula was known as?
This area was known as Al-Andalus -Al-Andaus established its caliphs and was not ruled by the Abbasid Dynasty.
45
Women in the Early Islamic World
-Umayyad, Abbasid, and Al-Andalus dynasties were all very patriarchal. -Sufus were more concerned with devotion to Allah than with mastery of doctrine. -Persian( both the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties administrative techniques were heavily influenced by earlier Persian empires.
46
During the Roman Republic, in what name was public life conducted and how was this institutionally defined?
The Roman Republic was a patriarchy in the strictest sense of the word. Women did obtain limited rights, however, in the Roman Empire e.g., regarding marriage and property.
47
.Why is Christianity often labeled a religion of women and slaves?
Women (many of them wealthy) and slaves were active participants in early Christianity and thus Christianity is labeled "a religion of women and slaves".
48
What one very important fact does Jones state these historians have tended to forget or to brush aside?
The Western Roman Empire fell in 476 A.D. but the Eastern Roman Empire i.e., the Byzantine Empire, did not fall until 1453 A.D. (know these events and dates)
49
What does Jones claim was the major cause of the fall of the Western Empire?
Jones author of the article on the Later Roman Empire), claimed that the principal reason for the fall of the Western Roman Empire was the onslaught of barbarian invasions and NOT internal weaknesses.
50
What Christian event does the author mention was celebrated in Jerusalem and what holiday does he state is the one in which the Christian Church was born?
The birth of the Christian Church is Pentecost.
51
For Muslims, what are the only two cities more holy than Jerusalem?
For Muslims, Jerusalem is the third-holiest place in Islamic religion, after Mecca and Medina
52
What institute did the caliph, al-Mamun, found? Who worked there and was the work easy or complex?
The House of Wisdom was the greatest seat of learning in medieval Islam and was associated with the caliphate of Baghadad.
53
What does the author mention as one of the great achievements of medieval Muslim scientists?
Muslim scholars during the Middle Ages not only translated the ancient text but also corrected and elaborated upon them.
54
What court did ‘Abd al-Rahman II consider his rival in attracting scholars to his court in Cordoba, Spain?
-The court of Cordoba in al-Andalus rivaled the court of Baghadad and was considered one of the greatest Islamic seats of learning in the Middle Ages -In al-Andalus, Islamic rulers set up their own caliphs and were not ruled by the Abbasids -Al-Andalus is associated with the Iberian peninsula (Spain & Portugal) of Europe
55
What was the Muslim science par excellence and what was the great contribution of the Arabs regarding the study of this science?
The Muslim science of excellence during the Middle Ages was the study of medicine.
56
What was the most elaborate project undertaken during the Sui dynasty?
The most elaborate and important project of the Sui dynasty was the construction of the Grand Canal.
57
What did Sui Yangdi want this project to do in particular?
Sui Yangdi built the Grand Canal to unite the economies of northern and southern China and the canal was of particular benefit to the economy of northern China.
58
Where did Tang Taizongdi build a splendid capital?
Like the Han dynasty (both Former and Later), the capital of the Tang dynasty was Chang'an.
59
How long would it take to communicate with the most distant cities in the Tang Empire?
The maintenance of well-articulated transportation and communication network enabled the Tang dynasty to have a very centralized empire.
60
What was the purpose of the equal-field system and what happened by the early 8th century concerning land availability?
The equal-field system took away land from the aristocrats(nobles) and distributed land to the peasants during the Tang dynasty
61
What educational system served Chinese governments so well and how long did it survive?
Like nearly all other Chinese dynasties, the Tang dynasty adopted the Confucian educational system to staff government jobs and ensure that highly educated people were placed in positions of responsibility.
62
What kingdom in Korea was forced to acknowledge the Tang emperor as overlord and what did Tang armies conquer to the south of them?
The Tang dynasty was a conquering dynasty that heavily utilized it military. Tang armies overran both Korea and northern Vietnam.
63
Who mounted a rebellion against the Tang dynasty and captured Chang’an?
An Lushan mounted the most serious rebellion in the history of the Tang Dynasty.
64
In what type of state (condition) did this rebellion leave the Tang dynasty?
The An Lushan rebellion severely weakened the Tang dynasty, and it never regained the power it once had.
65
Indian ( Influences on Islam) Greek ( Influences of Islam)
The two areas that were most responsible for the golden age of Islamic civilization were India and Greece due to their contribution in such areas as mathematics, science( e.g, astronomy and medicine), geography, and philosophy.
66
Sui dynasty was the first dynasty to bring?
China back under centralized imperial rule since the fall of the Later Han dynasty.
67
Sui dynasty ordered huge?
Construction projects, such as the construction of the Grand Canal.
68
The purpose of the Grand Canal was to?
Integrate the economies of northern and southern china. The Grand Canal integrated the economics of northern and southern China.
69
The Second emperor of the Tang Dynasty was?
Tang Taizong (627-649 A.D) was its greatest emperor. Tang Taizongdi He helped implement 3 policies with explains the success fo the early Tang dynasty -Maintenance of well-articulated transportation and communication network -Distribution of land according to the principles of the equal-field system -Reliance on a bureaucracy based on merit
70
Transportation and Communication during the Tang Dynasty
Tang rulers maintained an extensive network of roads and greatly added to transportation and communication.
71
Equal-Field System during the Tang Dynasty
The Tang dynasty broke up large landholdings by the aristocratic class and redistributed land to the peasants.
72
Bureaucracy of Merit during the Tang dynasty?
Following the examples of the Han dynasty, the Sui and Tang rulers recruited government officials from the ranks of candidates who had progressed through the Confucian educational system.
73
Military Expansion during the Tang dynasty?
The Tang dynasty heavily utilized military expansion and became among the largest dynasties in Chinese history
74
Decline of the Tang Dynasty
-Rebellion of an Lushan resulted in catastrophic damage to tang dynasty. -The Tang dynasty was gravely weakened by this revolt and never again regained control of affairs
75
Song Dynasty (960-1279 A.D.)
The Song dynasty placed much more emphasis on civil administration, industry, education and the arts Song emperors mistrusted military leaders -Song Taizud and greatest of all song emperors -He placed military forces under tight supervision -military forces were placed under civil bureaucrats. -Song rulers vastly expanded the bureaucracy -Both the tang and the song dynasties placed heavy emphasis on Confucian education for civil service positions. -In the early 12th century, nomadic Jurchen overran northern China and captured the Song capital at Kaifeng proclaiming the establishment of the Jin empire -The Song dynasty moved its capital to the port city of Hangzhou and survived only in southern China so that the later part of the Song dynasty became known as the “Southern Song” -In 1279 A.D., Mongol forces ended the dynasty completely
76
The foundation of economic development in both Tang and Song China
-was the surge in agricultural production -Increased agricultural development resulted in rapid population growth -women’s subordinate position was reinforced by foot binding during the Song dynasty.
77
-During both the Tang and Song dynasties, a remarkable range of technological innovations were created.
producing high-quality porcelain -Tang and Song craftsmen improved metallurgical technologies -produced stronger and more useful grades of metal Tang and Song craftsmen also invented gunpowder thus technological advances under the Tang and Song Dynasties included: 1) Making of high-quality porcelain 2) making better iron and steel 3) invention of gunpowder Printing Technological advances under the Tang and Song dynasties included improved shipbuilding
78
Emergence of a Market Economy
During the late 9th century, wealthy merchants pioneered the use of printed paper money as China experienced a shortage of copper coins due to the rapid growth of trade (flying cash) -International trade was very robust under the Tang and Song dynasties and that both dynasties played an active role in international commerce.
79
Cultural Change – Tang and Song dynasties
-Buddhism would become the most popular religion in China during the Tang and Song dynasties. -This tailoring of Buddhism to Chinese culture became know as “Syncretic Buddhism” or neo-Confucianism -Confucian thought during the Song dynasty reflected the influence of Buddhism as well as original Confucian values, it has come to be known as “neo-Confucianism”
80
Chinese Influence on Korea
The Silla and Koryo dynasties were the two dynasties associated with Korea during the Tang and Song dynasties of China * Korea entered a tributary relationship with China during the Tang dynasty and this relationship led to widespread commercial and cultural exchanges between the two nations. Thus Vietnam, like Korea, had a tributary relationship with China after it was conquered, and civil service examinations based on Chinese-style education were introduced into Vietnam
81
Chinese influence in Vietnam
Vietnam, unlike Korea, always resented Chinese efforts to dominate the country
82
Japan Brief Geographical Facts
* Japan is an archipelago comprised of 4 main islands and lies in a region known as the "Ring of Fire" * Underwater earthquakes can launch killer tidal waves called tsunamis that have continually devastated the coastal areas of Japan
83
Chinese Influence on Early Japan
Chineses armies never invaded Japan
84
Nara Japan
-The Japanese continued however to observe the rites of Shinto, their Indigenous religion -Chinese influence on Japan reached a pinnacle during the Nara Period
85
Heian Japan
Unlike Chinese emperors, however, Japanese emperors rarely ruled, but rather served as ceremonial figureheads.
86
Fall of Heian Japan
-The shotgun was a military governor who ruled in place of the emperor -Thus in Japon the head of a clan became known as a shotgun who was a military governor. Political Decentralization -The mounted warrior, the samurai, came to play a prominent role in Japanese political and military affairs.
87
Chinggis Khan The Mongol Empire
Chinggis Khan The unifier of the Mongols was Temujin -He eventually brought all the Mongoli tribes into a single confederation. -He established a capital at Karakorum -The most important institution of the Mongol state was the army(especially the cavalry)
88
Mongol Conquest- Northern China
The Mongols has captured the Jurchen capital-modern Beijing -( The Mongols ended Jurchen rule in northern China) -the city was renamed Khanbiliq( city of the Khan) and served as the Mongol capital in northern China) Chinggis Khan (cont) -The qanat irrigation system that sustained agriculture through much of this arid land was destroyed which resulted in severe reduction of agricultural production. -Chiggis Khan did NOT, however, establish a central government for the lands that he conquered( his empire was very decentralized) -China-the wealthiest of Mongol lands (Yuan dynasty) -Golden Horde, Russia
89
Khubilai Khan
Consolidated Mongol rule in China He relentlessly attacked the Song Dynasty in southern China( and he ended the Song Dynasty) and created the Yuan Dynasty which ruled China -he was unsuccessful in his( two attempted) naval invasions against Japan because of typhoons -Trade flourished across Eurasia due to the Pax Mongolica In China, Mongol rulers looked with derison on their subjects.
90
The Mongols resisted assimilation to Chinese culture
-They dismantled the Confucian educational and examination systems
91
The Golden Horde
-Overran Russia -Did not occupy most Russian territory
92
The Ilkhanate of Persia
-Overthrew the Abbasid Empire( Like the song dynasty, the Mongols ended the Abbasid Dynasty) -The Mongols worked to secure trade routes and ensure the safety of merchants (in lands they conquered-Pax Mongolica) -Merchants thus increased, their commercial investments and the volume of long-distance trade during the time of the Mongol empires was substantially larger than before.
93
Decline of the Mongol Empires
-A downside of building better roads amd protecting them was the expediting of disease. Bubonic Plague There it spread throughout china and central Asia, and by the late 1340s it had reached southwest Asia and Europe where it became known as the BLACK DEATH.
94
Inner Eurasia Renewed Turkish Conquests
-During the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries, the Turkish conqueror Tamerlane built a Central Asian Empire. -To build a magnificent capital at Samarkand.
95
Tamerlane
-Unlike his model, Chinggis Khan, Tamerlane never invaded or controlled any part of China) -Like his mode Chinggis Khan, Tamerlane was a conqueror not the governor. - (Like Chinggis Khan and the four subsequent Mongol Khanates, Tamerlane's empire was very decentralized)
96
How did the acceptance of candidates during the Song dynasty compare to their Sui and Tang predecessors and who was placed in charge of military forces?
The song dynasty always mistreated the military.
97
What were the two big problems the Song dynasty encountered which eventually caused it to fall?
The two big problems were financial and military.
98
What nomadic group in the early 12th century overran northern China and where did the Song dynasty survive after this?
The Jurchen first pushed the Song dynasty out of their capital in Kaifeng and the song dynasty fled south to the new capital at Hangzhou. Monogois under Khubilai Kahn during the Yuan Dynasty would end the Song Dynasty after it had moved to southern China
99
What happened to the Song dynasty in 1279?
Mongol forces ended the dynasty and incorporated southern China into their empire.
100
What did Sui and Tang armies encounter when they ventured into Vietnam and what did this enable cultivators to do?
The name of the fast-ripening rice that Tang armies encountered when they invaded Vietnam was called Champa rice. Vietnam greatly resented the Tang invasion of northern Vietnam and successfully pushed Chinese armies out of Vietnam shortly after the collapse of the Tang dynasty
101
By 1200, what two things did the rapid population growth in China reflect?
It reflected both the productivity of the agricultural economy and the well-organized distribution of food through transportation networks built during the sui and tang times
102
What could Wu Zhao claim as no other woman in Chinese history could?
She claimed the imperial title and ruled as emperor and she ruled during the early tang dynasty
103
What did Song emperor do in hopes of limiting the influence of foreign religions?
Syncretic-Buddhism, the blending of Buddhism with Confucianism in China, is synoymous with Neo-Confucianism
104
During the Song Dynasty, what two things were mentioned by your authors that Confucians’ thought was reflected by and what did this come to be known as?
Syncretic Buddhism, (as mentioned above), the blending of Buddhism with Confucianism, became very popular during the Song dynasty in China.
105
During what period of Japanese history was Chinese influence at its most prominent?
Chinese influence on Japan reached its zenith during the Nara period
106
What was the indigenous religion of Japan called and what did it revolve around?
Shinto was the Indigenous religion of Japan at the time of the Tang and Song dynasties of China and remains the prominent religion of Japan
107
What was the name of the empire that Sundiata created in West Africa?
The name of the empire that Sundiata was the founder of Mali Empire.
108
Storytellers in West Africa were known as?
Storytellers known in west Africa as griots. Griots were responsible for passing down oral traditions through folk stories, factual histories, genealogies, and other accounts in West Africa before written histories existed
109
Why did the enemies of the small West African kingdom that Sundiata’s father ruled spare Sundiata’s life when they invaded this kingdom after his father had died?
Sundiata was able to overcome his injury and as the head of Mail Empire
110
Although he respected traditional religious beliefs and magical powers, what religion did Sundiata practice?
Islam became the major religion of sub-saharan African during the Middle ages
111
Peoples of sub-Saharan African
Peoples of sub-Saharan African did participants in global trade in the Eastern Hemisphere during the Middle Ages and after this period despite geographical impediments. The largest geographic barrier for the trade from North America into sub-Saharan African by lands is the Sahara Desert. Africa does not have any good natural harbors than the Atlantic Ocean side.
112
Who was Ibn Battuta and where were his trips to sub-Saharan Africa?
Ibn Battuta was an Islamic legal scholar-a qadi- who traveled extensively throughout the Eastern Hemisphere during the Middle Ages.
113
jizya
head tax/ tax

World History (3 decks)

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