Test 3

Question 1

To create nucleotides is sugar (deoxyribose) connected with the phosphate group?

Answer 1

Yes

Question 2

What are the ways that bases are always connected?

Answer 2

Adenine with thymine, and cytosine with guanine

Question 3

What is the difference in structure between pyrimidines and purines?

Answer 3

Pyrimidines: single ringed, whereas purines are double ringed

Question 4

Does the two of them bonding together help form the double helix structure of DNA?

Answer 4

Yes

Question 5

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

Answer 5

Sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

Question 6

Does the nitrogenous base make a difference of what nucleotide you’re working with?

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

Is the backbone of DNA and RNA held together by covalent bonds?

Answer 7

Yes

Question 8

Which of ATCG are pyrimidines/purines?

Answer 8

Pyrimidines: thymine, and cytosine. Purines: adenine, and guanine.

Question 9

Do hydrogens bond with different bases?

Answer 9

Yes

Question 10

Does the antiparallel structure refer to the two strands of DNA?

Answer 10

Yes

Question 11

What does it mean when it is said that the two strands are antiparallel?

Answer 11

One strand runs in the 5’ to 3’ direction, while the other runs in the 3’ to 5’ direction

Question 12

Does the 5’ end have a phosphate group attached to the 5’ carbon of the sugar?

Answer 12

Yes

Question 13

What does the 3’ end have?

Answer 13

A hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the 3’ carbon of the sugar

Question 14

What did Griffith’s experiment demonstrate?

Answer 14

Genetic transformation in bacteria

Question 15

Did he use two strains of streptococcus pneumonia to determine whether there was genetic transformation?

Answer 15

Yes

Question 16

Was there a smooth but caused disease strain, as well as a rough and did not cause a disease?

Answer 16

Yes

Question 17

Recall the experiment

Answer 17

S strain and R strain were both given to two different mines. The R-strain one survived whereas the one with the R-strain did not. The S strain was then heated and tested on another mouse, and a mix of the heat killed strain and R strain was given to the mouse given to mouse and died

Question 18

Did Watson and Crick’s model provide the first accurate understanding of the double helix structure?

Answer 18

Yes

Question 19

Was Franklin able to take the DNA and identify the double strand model?

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

Did the Meselson and Stahl experiment provide definitive evidence that DNA replication is semiconservative?

Answer 20

Yes

Question 21

What does DNA replication being semiconservative mean?

Answer 21

Each new DNA molecule consists of one old (parental) strand and one newly synthesised one

Question 22

Did Meselson and Stahl grow strands with medium and isotopes?

Answer 22

Yes

Question 23

What type of DNA molecules would conservative replication give you?

Answer 23

One DNA molecule would consist of two original strands, and the other would consist of two newly synthesized strands

Question 24

What is the process of DNA moving to the mRNA called?

Answer 24

Transcription

Question 25

What is the movement from mRNA to proteins called? What does it use?

Answer 25

Its called translation and uses tRNA and rRNA

Question 26

Is RNA pulling the double strands apart responsible for transcription?

Answer 26

Yes

Question 27

Does RNA synthesis begin at the start site of the gene, and RNA polymerase adds RNA nucleotides complementary to the DNA template strand until termination?

Answer 27

Yes

Question 28

What must ribosomes contain to turn mRNA into protein?

Answer 28

rRNA

Question 29

What is tRNA responsible for?

Answer 29

Each tRNA enables the translation of a given mRNA codon into a certain amino acid

Question 30

What is a codon?

Answer 30

A sequence of three consecutive nucleotides in a DNA/RNA that codes for a specific amino acid

Question 31

For translation to occur does the tRNA bring the appropriate amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA's codons?

Answer 31

Yes

Question 32

What is the ribosome's job?

Answer 32

Ensures proper assembly of the growing polypeptide chain until the entire protein is synthesised

Question 33

What are the two main structures responsible for translation?

Answer 33

Ribosomes, and tRNA

Question 34

What is the genetic codes?

Answer 34

Set of rules by which the information encoded within DNA or RNA is translated into proteins

Question 35

What is the promoter?

Answer 35

Region of DNA located at the beginning of the gene which acts as a binding site for RNA polymerase

Question 36

Who is the father of genetics?

Answer 36

Gregor Mendel

Question 37

State 5 reasons why peas are used a model for Mendelian genetics

Answer 37

Easy for pollination, really fast to reproduce, ethically acceptable, easy for germination, and easy to see phenotypes

Question 38

What are the three principles of Mendelian genetics?

Answer 38

Dominant and recessive, segregation, and independent assortment

Question 39

Do organisms inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent, with one allele normally being dominant and the other being recessive?

Answer 39

Yes

Question 40

What is segregation?

Answer 40

When meiosis makes sex cells, each cell has only one allele

Question 41

What does independent assortment mean?

Answer 41

Each trait is passed on independent of other traits

Question 42

What is the difference between dominant and recessive?

Answer 42

Dominant is expressed when present, even if there is only one copy. Recessive is only expressed when two copies are present

Question 43

What does homozygous and heterozygous mean, respectively?

Answer 43

Homozygous: the same alleles, heterozygous: different alleles

Question 44

What does genotype and phenotype mean, respectively?

Answer 44

Genotype: the genes you have. Phenotype: how those genes are expressed

Question 45

What does incomplete dominance and codominance mean, respectively?

Answer 45

Incomplete dominance: Neither allele is dominant, and the resulting phenotype is a blend of both traits. Codominance: when both alleles are fully expressed in the phenotype, showing both traits side by side

Question 46

What does pleiotropy and polygenic inheritance mean, respectively?

Answer 46

Pleiotropy: When one gene affects multiple, unrelated traits in an organism. Polygenic inheritance: when multiple genes work together to influence a single trait

Question 47

Are ribosomes the sites of translation?

Answer 47

Yes

Question 48

Does DNA have deoxyribose, and is generally double-stranded?

Answer 48

Yes

Question 49

Does RNA have ribose, and is generally single-stranded?

Answer 49

Yes

Question 50

Does the complimentary base pairing make it possible to generate two identical copies of each DNA molecule in a cell preparing to divide?

Answer 50

Yes

Question 51

What bases are present as pyrimidines and purines respectively?

Answer 51

Pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil): single six membraned ring, purines (adenine and guanine): six-membered ring fused to a five-membraned ring

Question 52

How do you form a nucleoside, and nucleotide?

Answer 52

Nucleoside: nitrogenous base + (pentose) sugar, nucleotide: nucleoside + phosphate group