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health (yr 12) > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Old public health DEF

A

Government actions that focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease, such as providing safe water, sanitation and sewage disposal, improved nutrition, improved housing conditions and better work conditions.

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2
Q

Old public health initiatives:

A

-Improved water and sanitation.
-Better quality housing and fewer slums.
-Better quality food and nutrition.
-Introduction of quarantine laws.
-Safer working conditions.
-More hygienic
-Mass immunization programs.
-Provision of antenatal and infant welfare services.

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3
Q

Sanatation DEF

A

The process of eliminating contact between humans and hazardous wastes, including human and animal faeces and urine, solid wastes, domestic wastewater, industrial wastes and agricultural wastes.

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4
Q

When did public health start and why did it start

A

-It started in the early 20th century.
-It started due to overcrowding, waste littering the streets, and poor nutrition caused diarhoea, cholera, measles, smallpox, and tuberculosis

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5
Q

Public health DEF

A

The ways in which governments monitor, regulate and promote health status and prevent disease.

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6
Q

Health promotion DEF

A

The process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health.

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7
Q

The Biomedical Approach to health DEF

A

Focuses on the physical or biological aspects of disease and illness; a medical model practiced by doctors and health professionals and is associated with the diagnosed, treatment and cure of disease.

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8
Q

Features of biomedical approach.

A

-Relies on services provided by doctors, specialists, and hospitals.
-Quick fix approach.
-Relies on tech to diagnose, treat and cure.
-Focuses on individuals who are ill.
-Concerned with disease, illness and disability.

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9
Q

Examples of biomedical approach

A

-Medications such as antibiotics, chemotherapy, and antihypertensive.
-Medical technology used to diagnose health conditions such as blood tests, x-rays and MRI.
-Medical technology used to treat health conditions such as radiation therapy and defibrillators.

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10
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of biomedical.

A

Ad:
-Funding brings about improvements in technology and research.
(Without biomed there’d be no x-rays or antibiotics, or relatively little knowledge).
-It enables many illnesses and conditions to be effectively treated.
-It extends life expectancy.

Disadvantage:
-It relies on professionals, therefor costly.
-Not evert condition can be treated.
-It is not always affordable.

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11
Q

Social Model of Health DEF

A

An approach that recognizes improvements in health and wellbeing can only be achieved by directing effort towards addressing the physical, sociocultural and political environments of health that have an impact on individuals and population of groups.

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12
Q

When was the social model of health started

A

-It was started in 1975

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13
Q

Ottowa charter DEF

A

An approach to health developed by the world health organizations that aims to reduce inequalities in health. It reflects the social model of health and provides 5 action areas that can be used as a basis for improving health outcomes.

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14
Q

Action areas of the Ottowa charter

A

-Reorient health services.
-Build healthy public policy.
-Create a supportive environment.
-Strengthen community action.
-Develop personal skills.

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15
Q

Build health public policy.

A

Decisions made by gov and organizations regarding laws and policies that make it more difficult for people to undertake unhealthy behaviours.

EG:
-Removing goods and services tax on unprocessed foods making them cheaper to purchase.
-Banning smoking in public places.

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16
Q

Create Supportive environments.

A

Aims to promote a healthy physical and sociocultural environment for all members of community.

EG:
-Provides safe working environment.
-Having supportive family in which health promoting behaviours are practiced.

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17
Q

Strengthen community action

A

Focus on building links between individuals and community and centers around community working together to achieve common goals.

EG:
-An immunization program that involves media, doctors, schools and parents working together to achieve higher immunizations.

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18
Q

Develop personal skills.

A

Education is the main aspect of this action area.

EG:
-A community health center running cooking classes for the community.
-Educating parents about the importance of putting on sunscreen on their kids.

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19
Q

Reorient health services.

A

Altering the health system so they focus on more on promoting health and wellbeing and preventing health conditions rather than just doing.

EG:
-Doctors focusing a discussion around healthy eating rather than medication and surgery to reduce impact of cardiovascular disease.

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20
Q

Considerations in evaluating a program

A

-Actual improvements in hwb.
-The number of participants taking part in the initiative.
-Feedback provided by participants.
-Action areas of the ottowa charter that are evident.
-Whether the initiative is culturally appropriate.
-Whether the program has taken the specific needs of the target group into account.
-Funding has been provided to implement the initiative.

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21
Q

Aus dietary guideline 1

A

To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious foods and drinks to meet your energy needs.

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22
Q

Australian Dietary Guideline 2

A

Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from these 5 groups everyday and drink plenty of water.

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23
Q

Australian Guideline 3

A

Limit intake of foods containing saturated fats, added salt, added sugars and alcohol.

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24
Q

Australian Guideline 4

Study These Flashcards
A

Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding.

25
Australian Dietary Guideline 5
Care for your food, prepare and store it safely.
26
Adjusting Australian dietary guidelines for aboriginal people.
-Relevant foods: Damper, kangaroo, goanna, bush fruits and vegetables.
27
Sociocultural factors for nutritional change.
-Education: Lack of knowledge about how to cook or what foods are good for them. -Income: Less money = less money to afford food. -Family and Peer group: Childhood really influences what a child eats later in life.
28
Personal factors for nutritional change.
-Willpower and taste preferences: Some people prefer different foods due to taste. -Attitudes and Beliefs: Belief - Healthy foods can taste bland. Attitude - The time & effort to purchase, prepare & cook healthier meals isn't worth it. Belief - They're unlikely to develop a health condition or be affected by unhealthy foods. -Health and wellbeing considerations:
29
Environmental factors for nutritional change.
-Work environment: May have no kitchen, and only have vending machines. -Geographical location: Where people live (close or not to fresh produce) -Housing environment: Whether they have a fridge, freezer or microwave.
30
Commercial factors affecting nutritional change.
-Packaging and Labelling -Distribution and affordability -Supply chains -Lobbying -Marketing strategies and the use of the media.
31
Medicare DEF
Is Australia's universal insurance scheme, that gives all Australians permanent residents and people from other countries with reciprocal agreements access to affordable healthcare.
32
Out of hospital expenses
-Consultation fees for doctors and specialists. -Tests and examinations -Eye tests performed by optometrists. -Most surgical and other therapeutic procedures performed by G.Ps
33
Schedule fee DEF
The amount of money that the government deems appropriate for a medical service or procedure.
34
Patient Co-payment
The payment made by the consumer for health products or services in addition to the amount paid by the government.
35
Bulk-Billing DEF
When the doctor charges only the schedule fee.
36
In hospital expenses.
-a private patient in a public hospital, Medicare will pay for 75% of schedule fee. - a public patient in a public hospital.
37
Not covered by medicare
-In-home nursing care -Ambulance services. -Most allied services -Health related aids.
38
Allied Health services DEF
Health services provided by trained professionals who are not doctors, dentists or nurses, such a physiotherapists, psychologists and occupational therapists.
39
How is medicare funded
-Medicare Levy -Medicare Levy surcharge -General tax.
40
Medicare Levy DEF
2 per cent tax for all Australian tax payers to fund Medicare.
41
Medicare Levy surcharge DEF
An additional 1 - 1.5% tax on high income earners who do not have private health insurance.
42
Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme DEF
Provides essential medicines to people who them, regardless of their ability to pay.
43
PBS Safety Net
Ensures that people who spend a large amount of money on pharmaceutical benefits scheme medications receive additional financial support.
44
The national disability insurance scheme DEF
Is a national insurance scheme that provides services and support for people with permanent significant disabilities and their families and careers.
45
Individualized plan
1. Access mainstream services and support: -services available for all aus from people such as teachers or doctors, also cover public housing and provides transport. 2. Access to community services and support: - Accessible to everybody in the community such as sport clubs, community groups, libraries or charities. 3. Maintain informal support arrangements: - Help that people get from their families and friends. 4. Receive reasonable and necessary funded support. - NDIS can pay for supports that are reasonable and necessary.
46
Private health insurance DEF
An insurance policy that helps pay for services not covered by Medicare.
47
Private health insurance rebate
Policy holders receive a 30% rebate on their premiums for PHI. Under 65: -Individuals income under $93,000 = 25%. -Individuals income btw $95,001 - $108000 = 16% -Individuals income btw $108001 - $144000 = 8% -Individuals income over $144001 + = no rebate. Families: -Earning under $186000 = 25% -Earning btw $186001 - $216000 = 16% -Earning btw $216001 - $288000 = 8% -Earning over $288001 = no rebate. Those 65-70 = extra 4% rebate. Those over 70 = extra 8% rebate.
48
Lifetime health cover.
Is for people who take up PHI after the age of 31 pay an extra 2% on their premium for every year they are over the age of 30.
49
Medicare levy surcharge
People earning $97001 or more a year ($194001 or more for families) pay an extra tax if they don't purchase PHI and ranges from 1 to 1.5%.
50
Age based discount
Insurers have the opportunity to offer young people aged 18-29 a discount of up to 10% for hospital cover.
51
Funding
Funding relates to the financial resources that are provided to keep the health system adequately staffed and resourced so a high level of care is available for those who need it.
52
Funding assists in improving health outcomes. Why have they increased over time?
Funding assists in improving health outcomes by providing: -Health care infrastructure -Highly trained health professionals -Medical supplies -Public health program -Advances in knowledge and tech through research. Why has it increased overtime?: -An aging population -Increasing incomes, a growing economy and rising expectations. -More expensive technologies and services. -Increased cost of medicines.
53
Sustainability
Relates to the capacity to provide a workforce and infrastructure, such as facilities and equipment into the future.
54
How to have a sustainable health system:
-Ensuring adequate funding and regulation of the health system. -Research and monitoring. -Promoting disease prevention and early intervention -Ensuring an efficient health workforce and system.
55
Access
An accessible health system is one that can provide all people with timely access to quality services based on their needs, not their ability to pay, regardless of where they live.
56
How gov and non gov work to improve access to all geographical areas.
-Royal flying doctor service -Work force incentive program
57
Equity
An equitable health system is one that takes the different circumstances of individuals and groups into account, so that those who need more support are able to receive it.
58
Inventions designed to promote equity
Public dental services: -Young people aged 13-17yrs old who are healthcare or concession card holders. -All youth justice clients in custodial care, up to 18 yrs of age. -All refugees and asylum seekers. -Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. Continuity between healthcare providers.
59
Social justice DEF
Relates to the fairness within society. It is the fair and equitable distribution of resources, opportunities and privileges in society.

health (yr 12) (2 decks)

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