Test #3 Flashcards
(244 cards)
1
Q
What type of waveform best represents a human voice?
A
- semiperiodic
2
Q
Name 2 types of variations or perturbations that can exist between cycles in the human voice.
A
- jitter
- shimmer
3
Q
Describe what happens when the human voice produces a “jitter.”
A
- there is a variation in fundamental frequency from one cycle to the next
4
Q
Describe what happens when the human voice produces a “shimmer.”
A
- there is a variation in amplitude from one cycle to the next
5
Q
In regards to sining, what are 2 types of vocal registers?
A
- chest voice
2. falsetto
6
Q
In regards to a speaking voice, what are 3 types of vocal registers?
A
- pulse
- modal
- falsetto
7
Q
List 3 different types of pulse voices.
A
- vocal fry
- glottal fry
- creaky voice
8
Q
How is a phonation type heard?
A
- it is heard as a voice quality
9
Q
What are the 3 main phonation types in speech?
A
- Breathy
- Modal
- Creaky
10
Q
Which phonation type is considered normal?
A
- modal
11
Q
How are phonation types differentiated?
A
- by open quotient
12
Q
What is an open quotient?
A
- it is the proportion of time vocal folds are open during each glottal cycle
13
Q
List 3 terms that could be used to describe abnormal voice quality.
A
- breathiness
- roughness
- hoarseness
14
Q
What is important to know when terming voice qualities?
A
- terms are subjective and difficult to assign to a physiological state of vocal fold vibration
15
Q
List 4 more of the several terms used to describe voice quality,
A
- pleasant
- strident
- rough
- raspy
- shrill
16
Q
While reading a spectogram, if one were to produce the /i/ vowel under four different conditions described as breathy, normal, harsh, and hoarse, what would happen to the relative spacing of the formants? What would change?
A
- the relative spacing of the formants would stay the same while the signal source would change.
17
Q
What does voice quality reflect?
A
- the manner in which the vocal folds are vibrating
18
Q
In regards to the myoelastic aerodynamic theory, what results from hypo-adduction and hyper-adduction?
A
- both hyperadduction and hypoaduction will affect balance between muscular and aerodynamic forces.
19
Q
In 1998, Zemlin established 6 paramaters of voice production. What are they?
A
- maximum frequency range
- speaking fundamental frequency SFF (habitual pitch)
- Maximum phonation time for (adults 15 - 25 sec & children at least 10 sec)
- minimum-maximum intensity at various fundamental frequency levels
- periodicity of vocal fold vibration
- Noise from turbulent airflow (breathiness, hoarseness, roughness)
20
Q
What is SFF?
A
- speaking fundamental frequency
21
Q
What is habitual pitch?
A
- central tendency of pitch, or fundamental frequency, most often used by a person in speaking
22
Q
What is the maximum phonation time for adults?
A
- 15 to 25 secs
23
Q
What is the maximum phonation time for children?
A
- at least 10 seconds
24
Q
What are 3 different terms that could be used to describe noise from turbulent flow?
A
- breathiness
- hoarseness
- roughness
25
What can be heard when a breathy voice is produced?
1. air escaping in aspirated sounds
26
What can happen if there is an incomplete closure of vocal folds?
- it can cause air to leak continuously throughout phonation
27
What happens as a result of air leaking continuously throughout phonation?
- intensity range is reduced
| - more air is used than normal in phonation
28
Are vocal folds working efficiently if there is an incomplete closure of the vocal folds resulting in a reduction of intensity?
- no, this is inefficient
29
List 3 acoustic signal characteristics of a breathy voice.
1. less periodic
2. more high-frequency noise (above 5kHz)
3. loss of energy between 2 to 5 kHz
30
Does a breathy voice increase or decrease with age?
- increases
31
Is a breathy voice more common in males or females?
- females
32
List 4 characteristics of a breathy voice.
1. can hear air escape; sounds aspirated
2. incomplete closure of vocal cords causes air to leak continuously during phonation
3. embodies specific acoustic signal properties
4. increases with age; tends to be higher in females
33
How do rough or hoarse voices sound?
- they sound raspy with a perception of a low pitch
34
How would you describe a hoarse voice?
- it is a combination of breathy and rough
35
What are the acoustic signal characteristics of a rough or hoarse voice?
- larger amount of spectral noise at lower frequencies (100 to 2600Hz) frequencies
- decreased periodic VF vibration
36
When analyzing a voice with a jitter, what would you notice about the periods of the waveform?
- the times of different cycles would vary
| - the periods are more randomly spaced
37
What does HNR stand for?
- harmonics to noise ratio
38
What is an harmonics to noise ratio?
- it is a way to measure how periodic a voice is
39
What does an HNR compare?
- it compares amplitude of harmonics to amplitude of noise in a signal
40
What types of voices have a high HNR?
- highly periodic voices
41
What types of voices have a low HNR?
- more noisy, less periodic voices
42
Be sure to review HNR in Praat slide - 1st set
Be sure to review HNR in Praat slide - 1st set
43
Be sure to review slide 6 in 1st set of slides.
Be sure to review slide 6 in 1st set of slides.
44
Where is the larynx located in a homo sapien compared to where it is located the ancestral species known as homo erectus.
- the location of the larynx is much lower in homo spiens
45
What is the tradeoff in the lower positioning of the homo sapiens larynx?
- homo sapiens can produce more sounds but there is an increased danger in choking
46
What 3 areas make up the vocal tract?
1. pharynx
2. oral cavity
3. nasal cavity
47
What parts of the pharynx, oral cavity, and nasal cavity allow the vocal tract to change shape?
1. tongue
2. lips
3. jaw
4. velum
48
What does the vocal tract's ability to change shape do for speech production?
- allows for a variety of speech sounds to be produced in the human vocal tract
49
What type of resonator is the human vocal tract?
- quarter-wave resonator
50
Why is the human vocal tract a quarter-wave resonator?
- because it has one closed end and one open end
51
What end of the vocal tract is closed?
- the glottis
52
What end of the vocal tract is open?
- the lips
53
How would you describe the cavities of the vocal tract?
- as series of air-filled containers
54
What does each cavity act like in the vocal tract?
- they each act as band-pass filters
55
What does each band pass filter have of it's own?
- they each have their own RF
56
Once all cavities are connected in the vocal tract, what results?
- an overall RF difference
57
What results from the irregular shape of the vocal tract?
- a broadly tune responator
58
What qualifies the vocal tract to be a broadly tuned resonator?
- it transmits a wide range of frequencies around each RF
59
What does RF stand for?
- resonating frequency
60
What are the RFs of the vocal tract called?
- formants
61
What does a frequency response change depend on?
- the shape of its resonator
62
Be sure to review modal of vocal tracts and the acoustic spectrum match.
Be sure to review modal of vocal tracts and the acoustic spectrum match.
63
Describe the source-filter theory.
- the vocal tract acts as an acoustic filter, which modifies the sound by a sound source
64
What is another name for the source-filter theory?
- the acoustic theory of speech production
65
What does an acoustic filter do?
- it filters out certain frequencies of complex sounds while allowing other frequencies to pass through
66
What are complex sounds composed of?
- sine waves of more than one frequency
67
What does a filter reduce?
- the amplitude of one or more component sine waves
68
What is an acoustic source?
- a source of sound energy
69
What are 3 acoustic sources for speech?
1. vocal fold vibration
2. turbulent noise in the SLVT
3. a combination of these 2 sound sources
70
What does the glottal source produce?
- a complex periodic wave
71
What does the complex periodic wave have an infinite number of?
- sinusoidal componants
72
What mathematical pattern can you notice in the infinite number of sinusoidal components?
- all are integer multiples of fundamental frequencies
73
What can you assume when a sinusoidal component is expressed in integer multiples of a fundamental frequency?
- the wave is periodic
74
What do periodic complex waves always have?
- a harmonic structure
75
What characteristic does every component sinusoid have?
- it is an integer multiple of fundamental frequency
76
Define fundamental frequency in a harmonic structure.
- it is the lowest frequency sinusoid
77
What are component sinusoids often referred to as?
- harmonics
78
What are harmonics identified by?
- numbers from lowest to highest frequency
79
Fo =
H1
80
What kind of structure does the glottal source have?
- a harmonic structure
81
As harmonic amplitude decreases, what happens to frequency?
- frequency increases
82
Do harmonics above 10,000 Hz make a big contribution to speech perception?
- NO
83
What is the function of the SLVT?
- filters the sound of the vocal fold vibration
84
What 2 things do SLVT filters change?
1. the amplitude of various sinusoids (harmonics)
| 2. the quality of the sound
85
By changing the shape of the SLVT what can happen to a complex wave?
- the same complex wave can be changed into different speech sounds
86
What does wavelength determine?
- which harmonics are filtered out by SLVT
87
What is wavelength?
- the physical distance traveled during one cycle
88
What can be determined from the fact that each harmonic in a complex sound has a different frequency?
- each harmonic has a different wavelength
89
As frequency gets higher, what happens to the wavelength?
- the wavelength gets shorter
90
As vocal tract length changes, what happens to different harmonics?
- they fit into the resonating chambers
91
What happens to harmonics that fit best within its best matched chamber?
- they will gain amplitude and resonate
92
What happens to harmonics that do not fit within its best matched chamber?
- they will decrease in amplitude and filter out
93
What analogy can be used when describing how a harmonic "fits" into a vocal tract.
- the dad pushing a baby on a swing represents the lips, the baby on a swing represents the pressure wave, and the mom pushing the baby on the swing represents the glottis
94
How will a sinusoid fit into a neutral-shaped vocal tract?
- if there is pressure maximum at the glottis when there is a zero crossing at the lips
95
What happens when a sinusoid's wavelength fits into a vocal tract?
- it forms a standing wave
96
When a sinusoid forms into a standing wave, what does this occur from?
- the echo (reflection) of the sounds in the vocal tract
97
How would you describe amplitude when comparing a standing wave with its original sinusoid?
- the standing waves amplitude is higher than its original sinusoid
98
In regards to speech, what is a sound source most often produced by?
- vocal fold vibration
99
What does the glottal source produce?
- a complex periodic waveform
100
What does SLVT stand for?
- super laryngeal vocal tract (above the glottis)
101
What does the SLVT filter?
- the sound produced by the source (vocal folds)
102
What will a harmonic due depending on whether or not it fits into a vocal tract?
- it will either resonate or lose amplitude
103
What differences can different shapes of vocal tracts have?
- different resonant frequencies
| - produce different sounds
104
What kind of sounds does a relatively open vocal tract produce?
- vowels
| - resonant consanants
105
What are resonant sounds typically produced with?
- phonation (VF vibration)
106
What do disordered speakers have in the SLVT?
- a noise source
107
What to non-disordered speakers lack that disordered speakers have in the SLVT?
- noise source in the SLVT
108
What are resonant sounds characterized by?
- the 1st 3 formants
109
What are the first 3 formants somewhat like?
- musical chords
110
What do actual frequencies depend on?
- partly on speaker anatomy
111
T or F? Most people cannot perceive individual formants?
TRUE
112
What do we perceive instead of individual formants?
- we perceive the sound as an indivisible unit
113
Know how to read formants.
Know how to read formants.
114
What do you need to find in order to measure resonant sounds?
- the center frequency of F1, F2, and F3
115
What axis is frequency represented on when analyzing resonant sounds?
- frequency is on the left vertical axis
116
What are formant frequencies determined by?
- the length of the speaker's vocal tract
| - the size and shape of vocal tract cavities
117
Essentially, formant frequencies are independent of what?
- the rate of vocal fold vibration
118
A speaker can change Fo without affecting what?
- sound quality
119
A speaker can change sound quality without affecting what?
- Fo
120
What does a low F1 indicate?
- a constriction in the oral cavity resulting in a large pharynx
121
What kind of vowel does a low F1 indicate?
- high vowels
122
What does a high F1 indicate?
- a constriction in the pharynx resulting in a small pharynx
123
What kind of vowel does a high F1 indicate?
- low vowel
124
Finish the phrase in regards to F1. "The larger the cavity, the......
- lower the frequency at which it resonates
125
In general, what does F1 frequency depend on?
- pharynx size
126
What does a low F2 indicate?
- a constriction at the back of the oral cavity resulting in a larger oral cavity
127
What type of vowel does a low F2 indicate?
- back vowels
128
What does a high F2 indicate?
- a constriction at the front of the oral cavity resulting in a smaller oral cavity
129
What type of vowel does a high F2 indicate?
- front vowel
130
Finish the phrase in regards to F2. "The smaller the cavity....."
- the higher the frequency at which it resonates
131
In general, what does F2 frequency depend on?
- oral cavity size
132
How does lip rounding affect the frequency of the formants?
- it lowers them
133
Finish the phrase in regards to the effects of lip rounding. "The more rounded and the greater the constriction of lips....."
- the more the formants are lowered
134
What does lip rounding do to the vocal tract and how does this affect resonant frequencies?
- it lengthens the vocal tract and it lowers the resonant qualties
135
How would you compare the effects of lip constriction to lip rounding in regards to how it affects the formant frequency.
- lip rounding has separate effects than lip rounding but they are equally important
136
How are vowel tokes compared?
- by graphing the frequency of F1 and F2
137
Where is F1 plotted?
- on the horizontal axis
138
Where is F2 plotted?
- on the vertical axis
139
What does plotting F1 and F2 allow us to see?
- a comparison of many different vowel tokens
140
What characteristics do dipthongs change during production?
- resonant characteristics
141
What are the changes in resonant characteristics as a result of dipthongs referred to as?
- formant transitions
142
What are /w/ and /j/ extreme version of?
/u/ and /i/
143
Which glide's F1 and F2 may be even lower than /u/?
/w/
144
Which glide's F2 may be higher than /i/?
/j/
145
What happens as the vocal tract becomes more constricted?
- the amplitude drops
146
Which sounds have less amplitude than vowels?
/w/ and /j/
147
How are the liquids, /l/ and /r/ similar to the glides?
- they require a tighter constriction than vowels
148
Since liquids have require a tighter constriction than vowels? What results from this?
- the liquids are lower in amplitude compared to vowels
149
What are formant values for /l/ similar to?
- similar to formant values for /o/ in some environments
150
What is /l/ sometimes mistaken for by young children?
/o/
151
Why is the /l/ often called a lateral?
- b/c the tip of the tongue touches the alveolar ridge and air flows along both sides of the tongue
152
What does the configuration of a lateral often produce?
- "zeros" or "anit-resonances"
153
How are anti-resonances similar to anti-matter?
- anti-resonances cancel out resonances
154
When do formants above F1 often vanish?
- when /l/ is articulated
155
When does amplitude drop on a spectogram?
- when the tongue touches the alveolar ridge
156
Why does amplitude drop on a spectogram when the tongue touches the alveolar ridge?
- this is because of the presence of zeros
157
What is a very difficult sound to produce in the English language?
/r/
158
What is /r/'s most important acoustic characteristic?
- a low F3 frequency
159
Is it usual for F3 to be the most important acoustic cue to a sound?
- NO, it is extremely unusual
160
What is a reasonable explanation for why it is so difficult for foreign speakers and some children to figure out how to articulate /r/?
- because it is unusual for /r/ to be the most important acoustic cue to a sound
161
How can any formant be lowered?
- by creating constrictions at its antinodes
162
How many antinodes does F3 have?
- 3
163
For English, /r/ where are the typical anatomical points of constriction?
- lips
- palate
- pharynx
164
What do nasal sounds require for production?
- a complete blockage of the oral cavity and an open velum
| - air to only flow through the nose
165
Is the nasal cavity large or small in comparison to the pharynx and nasal cavity?
- large
166
What results from the fact that the nasal cavity is larger than the pharynx and nasal cavity?
- the nasal cavity produces a low resonant frequency
167
What does the resonance from the nasal cavity produce?
- "nasal formants"
168
During nasal articulation what kind of analogy can be used to describe the oral cavity?
- a dead end street
169
What does the division in the resonating cavities produce?
- zeros or anti-formants
170
What do zeros reduce?
- the amplitude of nearby formant
171
What are resonant sounds characterized by?
- their formant frequencies
172
What do resonant sounds always have?
- formant structure
173
What do obstruent sounds lack that formant resonant sounds have?
- formant structure
174
What are formant frequencies determined by?
- resonant cavity size and shape
175
What do nasal and liquid sounds often have?
anti-formants as well as formants
176
Do the formants in nasal and liquid sounds tend to be higher or lower in amplitude when compared to the anti-formants?
- lower in amplitude
177
O What is the 1st step of stop articulation? What happens as a result?
1. airflow is blocked as the articulators move into position very quickly
(the formant transitions)
178
O What is the 2nd step of stop articulation? What happens as a result?
2. Air pressure is built up (silence during closure)
179
O What is the 3rd step of stop articulation?
3. release of air pressure (burst of air and formant transitions when articulators move)
180
O What are 3 acoustic cues to stops?
1. silence
2. voice onset time
3. fast formant transitions
181
O What is happening during the acoustic cue of silence?
- airflow is blocked
182
O What is V.O.T.?
- the time from the release of closure to the onset of voicing
183
0 What occurs when the closure is released during V.O.T.?
burst occurs
184
0 What might follow the burst after the closure is released during V.O.T.?
- may be followed by aspiration
185
O What is known as an important cue to stop manner of articulation?
- a silent gap aka closure
186
O If a silent gap is not visible what is probably being produced?
- a flap
187
O What happens when a silent gap lengthens?
- when 2 stops occur in succession
| i. e. bacK Door, fiCTitious
188
O What is V.O.T. an important cue for?
- to stop voicing
189
O What has longer VOTs, voiced or voiceless stops?
- voiceless stops
190
O What do V.O.T.s also provide?
- a cue to PLACE of articulation
191
O When do V.O.T.s get longer?
- as we go from front to back of the mouth
192
O What are burst characteristics important cue to?
- place of articulation
193
O What does spectrum equal?
Spectrum = amplitude x frequency
194
O What is burst energy in bilabials?
- "diffuse falling"
195
O What is burst energy in alveolars?
"diffuse rising"
196
O What is burst energy in velars?
"compact"
| i.e. concentrated in one area, near F2 and F3
197
O When do formant transitions occur?
- when articulators are moving
198
O When are formant transitions more clearly visible?
- when stop is voiced
199
O What is the direction formant movement a cue for?
- place of articulation
200
O List 3 "classic" formant transitions.
1. bilabials
2. alveolars
3. velars
201
O Describe the "classic" formant transition of a bilabial.
- formants move down as you move toward the consonant
202
O Describe the "classic" formant transition of an alveolar.
- F2 points to a frequency of about 1800 Hz
203
O Describe the "classic" formant transition of a velar.
- F2 and F3 tend to come together in a "pinch"
204
O Summarize place cues in stops by describing formant transitions in bilabials.
- all formants are down
205
O Summarize place cues in stops by describing formant transitions in alveolars.
- F2 is pointing towards 188 Hz
206
O Summarize place cues in stops by describing formant transitions in velars.
- F2 and F3 come together in a "velar pinch"
207
O Summarize place cues in stops by describing burst spectra in bilabials.
- diffuse falling energy
208
O Summarize place cues in stops by describing burst spectra in alveolars.
- diffuse rising energy
209
O Summarize place cues in stops by describing burst spectra in velars.
- compact energy near F2
210
O Summarize place cues in stops by describing VOT duration in bilabials.
- VOT is shortest in bilabials
211
O Summarize place cues in stops by describing VOT in velars.
- VOT is longest in velars
212
O In regards to aspiration noise, where does burst noise originate?
- at the place of articulation
213
O Where does aspiration noise originate?
- at the glottis
214
O How long does aspiration noise from the glottis last?
- until the vocal folds begin to vibrate
215
O What information is provided when the super laryngeal vocal tract filters aspiration noise?
- information about "stop" AND following the vowel
216
O What is frication noise a primary cue for?
- fricative manner, voicing, and place
217
O Fricative characteristics vary along what 3 acoustic dimensions?
1. frequency
2. amplitude
3. duration
218
O What information do the 3 acoustic dimensions of fricatives provide?
- cues to fricative identity
219
O Does the absence of a voiced cycle meant that we will perceive a voiceless fricative?
- NO
220
O What are 3 cues to voiced fricatives?
1. voiced cycles are often present
2. duration is shorter than for voiceless fricatives
3. amplitude is lower than for voiceless fricatives
221
O Where else can you apply the generalized cues of voiced fricatives?
- voicing in stops
222
O What is an important cue to fricative identity?
- noise amplitude
223
O What do sibilant fricatives produce?
high-amplitude noise
224
O List the sibilants.
Sibilants include /s, z, ʃ, ʒ/
225
O What do non-sibilant fricatives produce?
low-amplitude noise
226
O List the non-sibilants.
Non-sibilants include /θ, ð, f, v/
227
O Name one of the frequency cues we use to distinguish between /s/ and /ʃ/ ?
- the smaller the cavity the higher the frequency
228
O What does the vocal tract in front of the constriction filter?
- the noise source
229
O Which fricatives will have a high frequency noise?
/s, z/ or /ʃ, ʒ/
230
O Does lip rounding increase or decrease frequency?
- decreases frequency
231
O Name the highly confusing non-sibilant fricatives.
/θ, ð, f, v/
232
O What 2 cues do we rely on to distinguish differences between non-sibilant fricatives?
1. formant transitions
| 2. noise frequency
233
O What is an affricate?
- a stop followed by a fricative
234
O What do affricates combine?
- acoustic cues to stops and fricatives
235
O How do you distinguish an affricate from a stop + fricative combination?
- by duration of
1. silent gap shorter than for stops
2. rise time shorter than for fricatives
3. frication noise duration shorter than for fricatives
236
O What is rise time?
- time for waveform to reach maximum amplitude
237
O What are fast rise times a cue for?
- affricates
238
O What are slower rise times a cue for?
- fricatives
239
O True or False? For affricates, everything happens faster than for stops and fricatives.
TRUE
240
O Give 3 examples for the duration of each acoustic cue being shorter in an affricate.
1. silent gap
2. rise time
3. frication noise
241
O List 4 characteristics of a voiced affricate.
1. shorter silent gap
2. some periodicity in frication noise
3. shorter duration frication noise
4. lower amplitude frication noise
242
O Identify the 2 combined place cues for stop and fricative portions.
1. stop portion is place primarily cued by formant transitions
2. fricative portion is place cued primarily by cutoff frequency
243
O How do the cues of distinguishing sibilant and non-sibilant fricatives contribute to perception of fricative voicing?
1. periodicity
2. duration
3. amplitude
244
O How do cues of distinguishing sibilant and non-sibilant fricatives help distinguish affricate from stop of fricative manner of articulation?
1. silent gap
| 2. frication noise (rise time and duration)
