Test 3 Flashcards
(152 cards)
1
Q
________ is the only carb that can be used or stored for energy.
A
Glucose
2
Q
What is the main energy source for cellular metabolism?
A
Glucose
3
Q
What depends exclusively on glucose?
A
Nerve Tissue - Brain
4
Q
What doesn’t store glucose?
A
The brain
5
Q
What is glycolysis?
A
Breakdown of glucose for energy production
6
Q
What is glycogenesis?
A
Excess glucose is converted and stored as glycogen.
7
Q
What is glycogenolysis?
A
Breakdown of glycogen into glucose.
8
Q
What is gluconeogenesis?
A
Conversion of amino acids into glucose
9
Q
What is lipogenesis?
A
Conversion of carbs into fatty acids
10
Q
What organ synthesizes insulin and glucagon?
A
Pancreas
11
Q
What is the only hormone that decreases plasma glucose?
A
Insulin
12
Q
What part of the pancreas sythesizes insulin?
A
Beta-cells of the Islets of Langerhans
13
Q
What part of the pancreas synthesizes glucagon?
A
Alpha cells
14
Q
What is the most important glucose regulator?
A
Insulin
15
Q
What are the 3 effects of insulin?
A
- Promotes cellular uptake of glucose from plasma
- Increases glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and glycolysis
- Inhibits glycogenolysis
16
Q
What is the effect of glucagon?
A
- Increases glycogeneolysis and gluconeogenesis and lipolysis
17
Q
What is hyperglycemia?
A
Increased plasma glucose greater than 110 mg/dl
18
Q
Normal glucose range
A
70 - 110 mg/dl
19
Q
What is Type 1 diabetes called?
A
Insulin Dependent, Juvenille Onset
20
Q
What is Type 2 diabetes called?
A
Non-Insulin Dependent, Adult Onset
21
Q
What is gestational diabetes?
A
Gluocse intolerance during pregnancy
22
Q
Symptoms associated with Type 1 diabetes?
A
Thirst, polyuria, hunger, weight loss
23
Q
Type 1 diabetes is most common in what races?
A
Anglos, African - Americans, and Hispanics
24
Q
What do patients need to take for Type 1 diabetes?
A
Insulin
25
What can cause a sudden onset of Type 1 diabetes?
Viral illness such as CMV or EBV
26
What are two causes of Type 1 diabetes as to why they can't produce insulin?
Autoimmune destruction of beta-cells or autoantibodies are present
27
Glucose (fasting) normal range
70 - 110 mg/dL
28
Glycosylated hemoglobin (A1C)
3.0 - 6.0 %
29
CSF glucose normal range
40 - 70 mg/dL
30
Plasma ketones normal range
Negative
31
Triglycerides normal range
60 - 150 mg/dL
32
Total cholesterol normal range
< 200 mg/dL
33
High density lipoprotein (HDL) normal range
> 45 mg/dL
34
Low density lipoprotein (LDL) normal range
< 130 mg/dL
35
Sodium normal range
135 - 145 meq/l
36
Potassium normal range
3.5 - 5.0 meq/L
37
Chloride normal range
100 - 110 meq/l
38
Bicarbonate normal range
20 - 30 meq/l
39
Anion gap normal range
10 - 20 meq/l
40
What is CAD?
Coronary Artery Disease
41
What are lipoproteins?
Group of related but different molecules that interact with water insoluble fat molecules and transports those fats in the plasma
42
What are the 4 types of lipoproteins?
Chylomicrons, VLDL (Very Low Density Lipoproteins), LDL (Low Density Lipoproteins), and HDL (High Density Lipoproteins)
43
What do chylomicrons do?
Transport of dietary triglycerides from GI tract to the liver.
44
What do VLDLs do?
Transport triglycerides from liver to tissues for storage of energy.
45
What do LDLs do?
Transports cholesterol to peripheral tissue
46
What do HDLs do?
Transports cholesterol away from peripheral tissues to the liver
47
Lipids include what four things?
Cholesterol
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Glycolipids
48
What type of bond does saturated fatty acids have?
No double bonds between Carbons
49
Are saturated fatty acids liquid or solid at room temp?
Solid
50
Where can you find saturated fatty acids?
Animal sources
51
What type of bond does unsaturated fatty acids have?
Double bonds between Carbon bonds
52
Are unsaturated fatty acids liquid or solid at room temp?
Liquid
53
Where can you find unsaturated fatty acids?
Plant sources
54
What are transfats?
Artificial modifications of unsaturated fats
55
Saturated fat is fat that consists of ________ containing only ________ ______ ______.
Triglycerides
| Saturated fatty acids
56
Saturated fatty acids have no ________ _______ between the carbon atoms.
Double bonds
57
A fat molecule is __________ if it contains one double bond.
Monosaturated
58
A fat molecule is __________ if it contains more than one double bond.
Polysaturated
59
What are triglycerides?
Glycerol with 3 attached fatty acids
60
What is the exogenesis source of triglycerides?
Dietary
61
Where can you find triglycerides?
Liver and tissue storage
62
___% of body fat is triglycerides.
95
63
What is the energy source when plasma glucose is decreased?
Triglycerides
64
Triglyceride catabolism is regulated by ________,_______, and _______.
Lipase, epinephrine, and cortisol.
65
Triglycerides are transported by __________ and ______.
Chylomicrons and VLDL
66
________ is found only in animals.
Cholesterol
67
_________ is an important component of membranes, steroid hormones, bile, and Vitamin D.
Cholesterol
68
Exogenous cholesterol comes from _____.
Diet
69
Endogenous cholesterol is synthesized by the ______.
Liver
70
___% of cholesterol is associated with cellular components.
70
71
___% of cholesterol is in the plasma.
30
72
Cholesterol is transported by _____ and _____.
HDL and LDL
73
________ and _________ are utilized to determine fetal lung maturity from amniotic fluid (L/S ratio).
Lecithin and sphingomyelin
74
What are glycolipids?
Lipids with a carbohydrate component
75
Examples of a glycolipid?
ABO antigens
76
The _____________ is responsible for the interactions with cell membranes and enzymes to transport lipids to specific locations.
Apolipoproteins
77
Lipoproteins are classified according to?
Density and Electrophoresis migration
78
Chylomicrons are removed from the plasma within ___ hours by the liver.
Six
79
LDL are synthesized in the ______.
Liver
80
What is the "bad" cholesterol?
LDL
81
What is the "good" cholesterol?
HDL
| H=HEALTHY ;)
82
HDL is synthesized in the ______ and _________.
Liver and intestines
83
HDL is ___% phospholipids, ___% cholesterol, and ___% apoprotein.
30, 20, and 50
84
_______ is the main component of bile.
Cholesterol
85
What is the exogenous pathway?
Transport of dietary lipids, mostly the chylomicrons transportation of triglycerides to liver
86
What is the endogenous pathway?
Transportation of lipids from the liver to the tissues (VLDL AND LDL)
87
Insulin helps make ____.
Fat
88
Insulin decrease ______ _______.
Plasma glucose
89
Insulin inactivates ______ and stimulates _________.
Lipase
| Lipogenesis
90
In diabetes mellitus, insulin deficiency promotes the release of _____ _____ and their conversion to __________ by the liver.
Fatty acids
| Triglycerides
91
What specimen do you need for lipid testing?
10-12 hour fasting specimen, serum
92
If you don't use fasting specimen for lipid testing, what could happen?
Falsely increased levels from recent dietary intake
93
Glycerol + 3 fatty acids = ?
Triglycerides
94
What is proportional to the initial triglyceride concentration?
Free glycerol
95
What is a double blank?
Reagent without lipase
96
What can a double blank be used to measure?
Free plasma glycerol
97
What is the CV for plasma triglycerides?
25-30 %
98
Triglyceride methodology includes the measurement of what?
Trigylcerides and naturally occurring free glycerol in the plasma
99
What precipitating reagent is added to patient plasma when you're doing HDL testing?
Dextran sulfate
100
What do you need to do to specimen when doing HDL testing?
Precipitate non-HDL from the plasma
101
Elevated __________ (>400 mg/dl) may interfere with the separation of what?
Non-HDL
102
What is the Friedwald estimation?
```
LDL = CHOL - (HDL+VLDL)
VLDL = Trig/5
```
103
Plaque formation is associated with?
Increased plasma cholesterol and LDL
| Decreased plasma HDL
104
What are statin drugs used for?
People with elevated cholesterols
105
Trade names of common statin drugs
Lipitor, crestor, zocor
106
What are three major contributory factors of CAD?
Diet exercise and diabetes
107
What is apolipoprotein?
Protein shells that interact with lipids and allow them to be water soluble
108
Where is intracellular water?
Inside cells (2/3 of body water)
109
Where is extracellular water?
Outside cells (1/3 of body water)
110
Plasma is __% water.
93
111
Osmolarity = what?
of osmoles per liter solvent
112
Osmolality = ?
of osmoles per kilogram of solvent
113
Osmole = what?
1 mole of a dissolved substance
114
What is the osmolar gap?
Difference between the measured osmolality and calculated osmolality
115
Osmolar gap = what?
Measured osmolality - calculated osmolality
116
What stimulates the sensation of thirst?
Hypothalamus
117
What secretes ADH?
Posterior pituitary
118
What increases h2o reabsorption by renal collection ducts?
ADH
119
What does the renin angiotensin aldosterone system do?
Regulates blood volume via plasma sodium
120
What stimulates renin secretion by the renal glomeruli?
Decreased blood pressure
121
What is the most abundant extracellular cation?
Sodium 90%
122
Na-K ATPase pumps out what out of cells and what into cells?
Sodium out, potassium in
123
Without the active transport pump, what would happen?
Cells would fill with sodium and osmotic pressure would rupture the cells.
124
Sodium is regulated what?
Water intake/output and aldosterone
125
What is the formation of glycosylsted hemoglobin proportional to?
Average plasma glucose concentration over 8-12 week time
126
What is the most commonly measured glycosylated hemoglobin?
A1C
127
What specimen is used for glycosylated hemoglobin test?
EDTA whole blood that doesn't need to be fasted
128
What is the main hormone that increases plasma glucose?
Glucagon
129
Ketone production indicates what?
Fat metabolism
130
Why does people with type 2 diabetes have insulin resistance?
Plasma glucose is unable to enter the cells
131
Factors that contribute to type 2 diabetes?
Obesity lack of exercise and poor diet
132
Criteria for dignifying diabetes
- random glucose > 200 mg/dL
- fasting glucose > 126 mg/dL
- glucose tolerance testing > 200 mg/dL
133
What are ketones?
Byproduct of lipolysis
134
What are ketones associated with?
Type 1 diabetes
135
What is the major intracellular cation?
Potassium
136
Only __% is in the plasma
2
137
RBCs have high concentrations of?
Plasma
138
Increased potassium promotes?
Muscular excitability
139
Regulation of potassium is performed by?
Renal secretion/retention in response to various factors
140
Aldosterone promotes what?
Sodium reabsorption
141
Hydrogen moved out of RBCs and into the plasma to balance what?
pH
142
What moves into the RBCs to preserve electrical balance?
Potassium
143
What is the main extracellular anion?
Chloride
144
Chloride moved passively with what or against HCO3 to maintain neutral electrical charge?
Sodium
145
Chloride is reabsorbed where?
Renal proximal tubes
146
What is the 2nd most important anion?
Bicarbonate
147
What accounts for 90% of total plasma co2?
HCO3
148
What is the most important plasma buffer?
Bicarbonate
149
What is the 2nd most abundant intracellular cation?
Magnesium
150
PTH increases regulation of what electrolyte?
Calcium magnesium and phosphate
151
Calcitonin decreases regulation of what
Calcium
152
Vitamin increases regulation of what?
Calcium and phosphate
