Test 3 Flashcards by Jinell Avery

Olfactory

SENSORY. Smell/olfaction

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Optic

SENSORY. Carries info from the eyes vision only

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Oculomotor

MOTOR. Controls superior, inferior and medial rectus and inferior oblique. Eye movement, pupillary construction.

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Trochlear

MOTOR. Controls superior oblique. Eye movement

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Trigeminal

BOTH. Tooth, gums, pharynx (in throat). Controls chewing.

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Abducens

MOTOR. Controls lateral rectus. Eye movement.

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Facial

BOTH. Facial movements and sensations

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Vestibulocochlear

SENSORY. Cochlear to hearing. Balance (sensory part)

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Glossopharyngeal

BOTH. Innervates back of tongue. Controls swallowing.

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Vagus

BOTH. Sensory info from organs and motor control of organs

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Spinal accessory

MOTOR. Controls shoulder and neck movements

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Hypoglossal

MOTOR. Moves tongue

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Oh, Oh, Oh, They Traveled And Found Voldemort Guarding Very Secret Horcuxes.

Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Spinal accessory, Hypoglossal

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Endocrine gland that regulates sleep through the production of melatonin

Pineal

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Small connection between the left and right sides of the brain located in front of the thalamus. A bundle of nerve fibers (white matter) connecting the two cerebral hemispheres across the midline. In front of the columns of the fornix.

Anterior Commissure

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Membrane separating the left and right lateral ventricles

Septum Pellucidum

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Axons carrying almost all information to and from the cerebral cortex/White matter sheet that contains both descending and ascending axons that carry nearly all of the neural traffic from and to the cerebral cortex.

Corona Radiata

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Largest cerebrospinal fluid-filled cavities in the brain; one in each of the hemisphere. Largest of the ventricles. Connect to the central third ventricle through the interventricular foramen of Monro. Moving further caudal, the third ventricle connects to the cerebral aqueduct, which connects to the fourth ventricle.

Lateral Ventricle

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Axons running between the cortex and the pyramidal tracts of the medulla. Separates the caudate nucleus and the thalamus from the lenticular nucleus. Contains both ascending and descending axons.

Internal Capsule

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CSF-filled cavity connection the third and fourth ventricles

Cerebral Aqueduct

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Largest bundle of axons that connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain

Corpus Callosum

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Area around the thalamus that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid

Third Ventricle

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Part of the basal ganglia; important for learning and memory

Caudate Nucleus

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Small connection between the left and right sides of the brain located behind the thalamus. Rounded band of white fibers crossing the middle line on the dorsal aspect
of the upper end of the cerebral aqueduct. Important in the bilateral pupillary light reflex.

Posterior Commissure

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Structure for memory formation and organization

Hippocampus

Part of the basal ganglia; Receives input from substantia nigra and sends output to globus pallidus to regulate movement. Degenerative neurological disorders, such as Parkinson's disease.

Putamen

Thalamus's relay center for visual information, which travels from the retina of the eye via the optic nerve to the optic chiasm to the optic tract to the LGN.

Lateral geniculate Nucleus

Prominent band of white matter along the medial edge of the hippocampus in the brain

Fimbria

Regulates basic drives and emotions; also controls the pituitary gland

Hypothalamus

Carries information from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus

Fornix

Part of the basal ganglia; involved in the voluntary movement. A sub-‐‐cortical structure of the brain

Globus Pallidus

Structure important for determining if a situation is threatening; Fear

Amygdala

Sensory relay center of the brain

Thalamus

Carries visual information in the brain after crossing over has occurred to the lateral geniculate nucleus

Optic tract

Connect to many parts of the limbic system; Important for pleasure, reward and reinforcement

Septal Nuclei

Retina

-Photoreceptors -Transduction. Photoreceptors connect to ganglion cells. Ganglion cell axons form optic nerve. Photoreceptors are farthest back in the eye. Light reaches photoreceptors last. Neural message travels forward

Rods

Photoreceptor. In periphery of vision. Sensitive to low light (night vision). Only 1 color. Filled with Rhodopsin (light sensitive)

Cones

Photoreceptor. In fovea. Need lots of light to work (day vision). Wavelength sensitive ( 3 types, each responds to different color)

Optic Nerve

Ganglion cell axons (carries sensory information from the eye to the brain). No photoreceptors here (Blind spot).

Visual Pathway

Left visual field goes to right hemisphere, right visual field goes to left hemisphere = occurs at optic chiasm

Dorsal stream

"Where". Object location. Spatial perception & motion. MT (V5) - motion and posterior parietal lobe - visuospatial integration

Ventral stream

"What". Object recognition. Color & shape. Color and form processing.

What happens if humans have damage to the ventral pathway?

- Visual apperceptive agnosia: Inability to recognize objects. (often speciﬁc categories of objects) - Prosopagnosia: Inability to recognize faces.

The area of the brain that preferentially responds to faces is:

the fusiform gyrus

One might find cells that respond to the movement of an object in a specific direction in the:

If you are a supertaster, then:

you are more sensitive than the average person to nearly all tastes.

What are found in papillae?

taste buds

A tonotopic map refers to:

an auditory cortex map of pitches/tones.

The eardrum is also known as the:

tympanic membrane.

At low frequencies, the intensity of the sound is coded by the:

number of neurons producing action potentials.

What difficulty does someone with prosopagnosia have?

recognizing faces

The five basic tastes include all of the following EXCEPT:

vanilla

____________ frequency sounds cannot be localized using intensity differences at the two ears.

Low

Number of cycles of a wave per unit time

Frequency. High frequency = close together, low frequency = far apart

What is Hz?

cycles/sec

3 smallest bones located in ear?

Hammer, Anvil and Stirrup

Differences in loudness at the two ears

Intensity differences

Different arrival times for sounds at the ears

Latency differences

Sensory difference in timing at the beginning of a sound

Onset disparity

Continuous difference between ears in arrival of parts of a sound wave

Ongoing phase disparity

What theory involves sound localization and requires processing both intensity and latency differences?

Duplex theory. At very low frequencies, there is no intensity difference – the only cue comes from time of arrival.

What are the two cues for sound localization?

Interaural time differences and Interaural intensity differences

Difference in time of arrival of sound for the two ears will vary with the position of the stimulus along the azimuth. "Closer ear will get the sound first"

Interaural time differences

The intensity of sound reaching the two ears will vary with the position of the stimulus along the azimuth. "The head will block some of the sound, and thus the closer ear will get the most intense sound pressure."

Interaural intensity differences

Lower frequencies sounds:

Onset, phase differences are used

Higher frequencies sounds:

intensity differences are used

What are the 5 basic tastes?

Salty, sour, sweet, bitter and umami. Flavors are perceived through a combination of tastes and smell

What has taste receptor cells on the tongue and have taste buds?

Papillae

G-protein receptors

Sweet, Bitter, and Umami tastes are detected via G-‐‐ | protein receptors. These receptors are located on the cell membrane and bind to a speciﬁc ligand (like sucrose)

What is the sensation experienced when substances dissolve in saliva and reach taste buds?

Taste

Gustation + Olfaction =

Flavor

PTC

Bitter to tasters. Often dislike: broccoli, turnips, cabbage, cauliflower, brussel sprouts

Thiourea

3 groups: Nontasters - Do not taste anything Medium tasters - Do not like it, but tolerate it Supertasters (10-‐‐15%) - Strong dislike of it. Bitter to tasters: dark green , leafy vegetables, Coffee, Chocolate

Sodium Benzoate

May taste: Like nothing, Salty, Sweet, Bitter, Sour. Found in: Fruits (apples, plums, cranberries), Spices (cinnamon, cloves, food as a preservative)

Hole in the center of the iris through which light enters the eye. Size is controlled by iris. It's the black circle in the center of human eyes

Pupil

Reflective portion of the choroid commonly found in nocturnal animals including cows, dogs, cats, deer... It looked like mother-of-pearl in the cow eye. improves night vision by bouncing light back through retina, allowing more photons to be captured by photoreceptors

Tapetum

Small region in retina of humans and some other species with dense packing of photoreceptors. Mostly cones and few rods. Corresponds to region of highest acuity in visual field

Fovea

Clear transparent capsule containing fibers and the cytoplasm of epithelial cells. Elastic and readily changes shape when a force is applied around its perimeter. The function of is to gather incoming light and focus it on the retina. Cataract, associated with aging, occurs when the lens becomes cloudy. This condition is treated by replacing the cloudy one with an artificial one.

Lens

The anterior region of the outer covering of the eye. This region bulges forward and because of its transparency acts like a window. Besides transmitting light, this also helps to focus the entering light rays. Astigmatism, a condition where the image is not properly focused on the retina, is caused by abnormal curvature of the this part of the eye. Corneal grafts, depending on the availability of donated tissue, are used to treat injuries and scarring to this region of the eye.

Cornea

Covers the remaining 84% of the outer covering of the eye. It is composed of connective tissue and small blood vessels. In addition to providing mechanical support it serves to help anchor the muscles that move the eye.

Sclera

This fills the central cavity of the eye. It is a clear jellylike substance that helps to maintain the shape of the eye and to support the inner structures such as the retina and lens.

Vitreous Humor

There are no light receptors in this region of the retina. Instead, nerve cell fibers carrying impulses from the retinal receptors leave the eye in this region and enter the optic nerve. Blood vessels continuous with the retina also enter and leave the eye through this.

Optic disk (blind spot)

Formed from retinal nerve cell axons, transmits impulses from the light receptors of the retina to the brain.

Optic Nerve

The middle layer of the eye includes this, ciliary body and iris. Located just beneath the sclera and is joined to it. Blood vessels travel throughout it bringing oxygen and nutrients to the surrounding tissues. Cells making up this layer produce dark pigments that absorb excess light keeping the interior of the eye dark. In some animals, not humans, this has a reflecting layer (tapetum) that causes the eye to glow when light is shined into it.

Choroid Coat

The third and innermost cellular layer of the eye. It contains a highly organized and very numerous collection of light receptor cells (rods and cones) and the nerve cells associated with them. These cells carry sensory impulses received from the rods and cones to the neurons of the optic nerve. The surface of this is also covered with blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the retina and remove waste. With proper illumination and magnification a physician is able to look into the eye and observe and assess the physical condition of the vessels.

Retina

A thickened region of the choroid coat and forms a complete ring of tissue just anterior of the retina. Much of the tissue of is folded affording attachment sites for its muscles and suspensory ligaments.

Ciliary Body

Extend from the ciliary muscles and attach to the lens holding it in place. During usual viewing conditions, the ligaments also exert an outward pulling force on the lens causing it to be somewhat flattened. When the pulling force is reduced the elastic lens thickens and becomes more convex. This change (accommodation) occurs when you look at something close.

Suspensory Ligaments

From the outside, it is recognized as the colored part of the eye. It is a thin circular piece of tissue with an opening (pupil) in the center. Muscle fibers within it permits it to function as a diaphragm by increasing of decreasing the diameter of the pupil. Changes in the size of the pupil increases or decreases the amount of light entering the eye.

Iris

A watery substance, is secreted by the epithelial cells of the ciliary body. It first passes into the chamber between the lens and iris.and then into the space between the cornea and lens. Because secretion of this is continuous, drainage of an equal amount of fluid is necessary to prevent the buildup of excessive internal eye pressure. This condition known as Glaucoma can result in severe pain and damage to the retina.

Aqueous Humor

Test 3 Flashcards

(89 cards)