Test 3

Question 1

Deaths at home

Answer 1

most deaths occurred before 1945. Hospitals and nursing home deaths are a phenomenon of the 20th century after 1945

Question 2

Procedures in the cities relating to funeralization

Answer 2

-the undertaker played an important advisory role, thus preparation of the deceased was delegated to the undertaker
-preparation was either ice or embalming by 1900.
mostly done in home. After 1900 more embalming than ice conservation
Had more to do

Question 3

Procedure in rural areas relating to funeralization

Answer 3

• often NO undertaker was available and funeralization tasks were performed within the family unit
• limited to the availability of an undertaker. Varied from simply washing and dressing by family members, usually women to ice preservation and by 1900 embalming begins to dominate
• shared responsibilities of the family

Question 4

Furnishing Undertakers

Answer 4

Funeral Director replacing the sextan, liveryman, and cabinet maker appears first in the large cities

Question 5

“home embalming procedures”

Answer 5

cooling board with wicker panels, gravity bottle, corpse cooler
- rudiments of cosmetics available. deceased was dressed and waked on a draped cooling board or slumber couch

Question 6

Hand pump and jug method

Answer 6

more thorough arterial injection, venous drainage and aspiration of the cavities…. problem with swelling esp. the neck

Question 7

telegram

Answer 7

notification of death to family

Question 8

Casket Selection

Answer 8

usually selected from a catalog (furnishing undertaker) and sometimes from an undertakers selection room, or from a manufacturers showroom if in a large city

• delivery problems existed but by 1880 most undertakers could be supplied within 24 to 36 hours.
• most undertakers warehoused back up units.

Question 9

Full Itemization

Answer 9

-First call- embalming performed in home or use or corpse cooler done before arrangements
-brief record of the deceased’s life- maintained by the funeral establishment
-clergy-type of service to be held
cemetery- info regarding lot
-pallbearers- may have to hire
florist- crepe or scarf for the door
-secure burial permits,transit permits, file death certificate
-after WWI health dept are born
-carriage and hearse rental
-chair rental or other equpment for the home

Question 10

Mood of gloom 1880-1920

Answer 10

originated in England and was reinforced during “The Great Migration” between 1880-1920. migrators were Roman Catholic, Orthodox Christians, and Hebrews- they came to US due to industrial revolution

Question 11

Coffin Trust

Answer 11

furnishing undertaker controlling all aspects- stopped by Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Question 12

Role of undertaker was one of coordinator of tasks by 1880

Answer 12

• rural setting had fewer responsibilities
• prep of deceased at home
• placed deceased in state on slumber couch or in a casket if available
• working the wake, racking flowers, assisting minister
• securing carriages and placing them in order
• directing the funeral and cortege from the service to cemetery
• assisting clergyman in the committal
• cleaning home

Question 13

undertaker licensing

Answer 13

remained unlicensed until 1895 when the states began to pass licensing legislation

Question 14

funeral

Answer 14

involves personalized rites and ceremonies with the body present to commemorate that a life has been lived

Question 15

procedures at graveside

Answer 15

clergyman leads the way-undertaker directs active and honorary pallbearers, seats the family , assists clergy with committal

Question 16

personal dress

Answer 16

special mourning clothes were for widow and widower mostly black, a lack luster appearance

Question 17

crepe or scarf

Answer 17

placed on the door to show mourning. called door badge- made of black silk and flowers.

Question 18

Time table of mourning

Answer 18

6 months after death- deep mourning

2 full year mourning period

Question 19

Stationary and calling cards

Answer 19

trimmed in black used by family to announce death

Question 20

social emblems for funeral participants

Answer 20

black formal wear was required for participants

Question 21

funeral music

Answer 21

brass band to lead a walking procession, organ music and tolling of church bells. dirges- sad and mournful humans

Question 22

luxury couch casket

Answer 22

drop down front. gloom changed to beauty in casket designs

Question 23

Flowers

Answer 23

casket backdrops changed to floral designs, artifical flowers widely used- Hebrews were the only group to avoid flowers

Question 24

led to the control over the funeralization process that the undertaker seemed to achieve by 1900

Answer 24

• provider of all funeral goods
• seller of his service
• skilled to a degree
• transportation of the body
• director and coordinator of all tasks

Question 25

establishment of "the funeral home"

Answer 25

- embalming - crowding of cities - promotion by the funeral director

Question 26

rural areas

Answer 26

- last area to accept the concept of the funeral parlor

Question 27

occupational organization

Answer 27

1880-1920 most important 40 years. modern concept of an occupational or professional association was post civil war. 1875-1900 most significant period of modern funeral service

Question 28

3 categories of occupational organization

Answer 28

- trade union movement for skilled and unskilled labor -trade associations - business and industry -professional associations-lawyers drys engineers. Funderal directors couldn't decide what group they belonged to

Question 29

2 socio-cultural movements exerted influence on associational development

Answer 29

- general public health movement- spread of communicable disease in large cities - specific movement for cremation (Pennsylvania and New York "Dutch" with Arian roots

Question 30

report of the massachusetts sanitary commission

Answer 30

1850- suggesting the establishment of a system of sanitary police with state and local health dept. enforcing regulations and analyzing statistics had an impact nationally

Question 31

metropolitan health bill

Answer 31

state of NY

Question 32

federal quarantine act

Answer 32

basis for the present day federal authority in the health field

Question 33

sanitary commission

Answer 33

civil war by Rev. Dr. Henry Bellows, Minister of the all souls church in NY City

Question 34

Dr. F. Julius Lemoyne

Answer 34

1st crematory- incinerated his own body

Question 35

cremation

Answer 35

less than 1% at turn of century support -Atheistic medical professionals, german ethnic groups, liberal protestant clergy

Question 36

Dr. Hugo Erichsen

Answer 36

Father of the Memorial Society Movement | Cremation Society of America

Question 37

Jessica Mitford

Answer 37

brittish socialist writer. early 1960's wrote American Way of Death

Question 38

Undertakers Mutual Protective Association of Philadelphia

Answer 38

formal organization established the "black book" with a list of delinquent clients

Question 39

Allen Durfee

Answer 39

compounder of embalming fluid. organized the 1st state association convention. 1st president of michigan association. ultimate goal was the formation of a national association

Question 40

michigan funeral directors association

Answer 40

ethical advertising, price lists (price fixing)

Question 41

National Funeral Directors Association

Answer 41

National to local level 1882 formation of suppliers association

Question 42

2 motivation factors impelling funeral directors into associational action

Answer 42

protect themselves from excessive and therefore harmful competition from within their own ranks and from destructive business practices by manufacturers and jobbers -thfe urge to bring a sense of professionalism to what had formerly been for many a mere trade or sideline

Question 43

early leadership among new funeral directors

Answer 43

not the sons of already established undertakers but rather farm born self made men

Question 44

code of ethics

Answer 44

commercial advertising

Question 45

drummer

Answer 45

casket salesmen

Question 46

"the undertaker"- sunny side

Answer 46

first trade paper publish became sunny side

Question 47

"the casket"

Answer 47

most popular

Question 48

"the western undertaker"

Answer 48

became the "american funeral director" still printed today

Question 49

"the embalmers monthly"

Answer 49

academic works of the embalming scholars.

Question 50

trade journals

Answer 50

after 1890 the trade journals and magazines became the primary force in communicating ideas and promoting professionalism in funeral service

Question 51

Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890

Answer 51

passed by congress to protect trade and commerce against monopolies

Question 52

National assoc. of general baggage agents

Answer 52

rules and regulations for transportation of bodies with contagious disease. submitted 7 general rules for shipping remains

Question 53

1st licensing board

Answer 53

1887- Board of Examiners (Ontario, Canada)