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History And Systems > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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0
Q

Positivism

A

Science should only be concerned with objective, publicly observable events

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1
Q

Agreement among neo-behaviorist a

A
  • evolutionary assumption of continuity between species
  • learning research most important
  • mythological behaviorists
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2
Q

Logical positivism

A

Uninsurable mental events can be used as explanatory agents, as long as they are explanatory, operationally defined, and logically tied to observable events

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3
Q

Operational definition

A

Defines an abstract concept in terms of the procedures used to measure it

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4
Q

Radical behaviorism

A

Unobserved internal events cannot be used to explain behavior

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5
Q

Methodological behaviorism

A

It’s okay to posture internal events as explanatory agents as long as they can be validated in overt behavior

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6
Q

Purpose behaviorism: who and what

A

Edward Chace Tolman; emphasizes goal-directed behavior that ceases when the goal is reached

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7
Q

Tolman believed:

A

Behavior is purposeful; not a passive and automatic conditioned reflex

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8
Q

Intervening variables

A

Used to represent internal unobservable events

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9
Q

Cognitive maps

A

Mental representations of environment, acquired through experience

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10
Q

Vicarious trial and error (VTE)

A

Their inability to make a decision becomes less and they repeat the maZe

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11
Q

Place learning

A

Rats learn to go to a specific place rather than simply repeat a sequence of motor responses

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12
Q

Latent learning

A

Tolman beloved that reinforcement is not necessary for learning

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13
Q

Learning v. Performance

A

Learning can occur in the absence of reinforcement, but performance is affected by reinforcement

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14
Q

Clark hull

A

Disagreed with Tolman’s use of mentalistic concepts; used the hypothetico-deductive model- general postulates from existing learning research

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15
Q

SER

A

reaction potential (likelihood of learned response occurring in a given situation)

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16
Q

SHR

A

Given number of reinforcements

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17
Q

D

A

Current strength of dominant primary drive

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18
Q

Drive

A

Non-specific arousal arising from physiological need

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19
Q

Hull’s learning theory

A

Epitome of logical positivism; scientifically impeccable, but too complex; not readily applicable to real world

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20
Q

Frederic skinner

A

Behavior or organisms; wanted to observe and describe behavior unfettered by cognition or physiology

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21
Q

Behavior-skinner

A

The movement of an organism or its parts in a frame of reference provided by the organism itself or by various external objects or fields of force

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22
Q

Explanatory fiction

A

Using a hypothetical internal factor mediating between a stimulus and response and then using that factor to explain behavior

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23
Q

Hypothetico-deductive model

A

Generated postulates from existing learning research

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24
Skinner's research paradigm:
Lab based; single subject; control conditions; look for easier ways to do things
25
Shaping
Procedure where successive approximations to a desired response are reinforced until the response is achieved
26
Project pigeon
First attempt to apply Skinner's system to a real world problem; america's answer to kamikazes
27
Baby-in-a-box
Developed by skinner; sound proof; curtain; got a lot of negative response
28
Walden II
Novel written by skinner; utopian society based on operant conditioning
29
Teaching machines
Mechanical teacher; focused on reinforcement; no one would manufacture these things
30
Applied behavioral analysis
Application of operant conditioning to modify overt behavior
31
Three major principles of gestalt theory
1,2,3
32
Wolfgang Koehler
Intelligent behavior instead of mechanized behavior; gestalt concept of insight
33
Mechanized behavior
Once intelligent or occurred by chances, but has come automatic by reputation
34
Intelligent behavior
Behavior appropriate to a new situation and relatively independent of past experience
35
Law of pragnanz
Minimum principle of the law of simplicity; ultimate meaning of experience and tendency to organize cognitive experience in a good and meaningful way
36
Figure ground
Figure is the part of the perceptual field that is attended to and the ground is the remainder
37
Principle of continuity
Refers to the perceptual tendency to follow elements of a figure that appear to be going in some direction
38
Principle of proximity
Perceptual tendency to perceive elements close to one another in space or time as a perceptual unit
39
Principle of similarity
Refers to the tendency to group together elements that are physically similar
40
Principle of closure
Refers to tendency to make an incomplete perception into a whole object
41
Principle of inclusiveness
Refers to the tendency to perceive only the larger figure when a smaller figure is embedded in it
42
Psychophysical isomorphism
Direct relationship between brain activity and mental experience; underlying brain processes mirror actual experience but are not the same
43
Behavior environment
What you perceive to be there
44
Geographical environment
What is actually there
45
Kurt Lewin
Field theory
46
Field theory
Explain behavior in terms of interaction of a person's needs and psychological forces;
47
Life space
Influences acting on a person at a given time; internal, external
48
Foreign hull
Anything not a part of life space at a given time
49
Conflict
Occurs when there is a tension within one's life space which leads to disequilibrium
50
Frustration-regression study
When kids were exposed to better, they become frustrated and acted out when it was taken away. All regressed
51
Group dynamics
Lewin's focus late in life; groups are physical systems and the behavior of the individuals in the group is determined by the field of energy
52
Action research
What Lewin called his research on group dynamics; designed to promote social change
53
Bedlam
Asylum in London where tourists were allowed to see lunatics
54
Mesmerism
Gravitational attraction of the planets affect people's well being by exerting influence on an invisible magnetic fluid; trained practitioners could manipulate magnetism
55
Hysteria
Believed to be due to a defective female reproductive system
56
Hypnotism
Modern term for mesmerism; coined by Scottish surgeon James Braid
57
Nancy school
Founded by Auguste liebeault; all people are suggestible, but some more than others
58
Charcot school
Believed patients were suffering from a hereditary neurological condition;
59
Pierre Janet
Psychological analysis for the treatment of hysterics; treatment consisted of discovering dissociated memories by hypnosis
60
Free association
Freud; asked to concentrate on a particular symptom and its origin
61
Transference
Redirections of feelings from one person to another
62
Countertransference
Redirection of a therapists feelings toward a client
63
Repression
Subduing desires in subconscious
64
Resistance
Patients directly or indirectly oppose changing their behavior or refuse to discuss
65
Unconscious motivation
Refers to hidden and unknown desires that are the real reasons people do things
66
Seduction hypothesis
Most repressed memories were of imagined sexual experiences that were perceived as real in the unconscious
67
Dream analysis
All dreams constitute fulfillment of some desire
68
Manifest content
Content of a dream that is remember upon awakening
69
Latent content
Some dreams have true meanings that is disguised beneath the manifest content and must be discovered
70
Dream work
Disguises the wish into an acceptable form that does not disrupt sleep
71
Myth of the solitary hero
Freud's theory and methods were original and that he endured a solitary fight in a hostile environment
72
ego and the mechanisms of defense
Defined and elaborated defense mechanisms
73
Sublimination
Diverting the sexual goals of the ego to higher purposes valued by society
74
Alfred Adler
Broke away from Freud because he did not believe that the primary cause of mental illness is sexual conflict
75
Individual psychology
Based on premise that due to individual differences humans are unique, whole entities, interconnected biologically, philosophically, and psychologically
76
Social interest
What needs to be developed during childhood
77
Style of life
Unique but consistent psychological orientation toward goals and ideals; originally developed in childhood
78
Inferiority complex
Results from exaggerated feelings of inferiority partly explained by insufficient social interest
79
Mistaken lifestyle
Characterized by feelings on inferiority, self centeredness, concern for safety and superiority over other people
80
Teleological
Overriding purpose assigned to all aspects of human functioning
81
Self actualization
Overriding purpose of existence is to discover and understand the components of our personality and balance them into a unified whole
82
Personal unconscious
Things that were once conscious but are now forgotten or repressed
83
Collective unconscious
Deepest level of the psyche, a repository of common ancestral experiences
84
Archetypes
Comprise the contents of the collective unconscious
85
Synchronity
Believed that archetypes manifest through dreams, fantasies, hunches, or random thoughts
86
Every child has two basic needs:
Biological needs for nourishment and shelter; freedom from danger, fear, and pain
87
Neurotic needs
Excessive, insatiable, and unrealistic demands that dominate the person's behavior
88
Apollonian
Rational and civilized; desires order, tranquility, and predictability
89
Dionysian
Irrational barbarous part; seeks chaos, adventure, and passion
90
Kierkegaard
Father of existentialism
91
Aesthetic stage
Hedonism and amorality; leads to boredom and despair
92
Ethical stage
Decisions based in ethic imposed by religion/society
93
Religious stage
Recognition of freedom to choose relationship with God, requires a leap of faith
94
Deficiency motivated
People are seeking specific things to alleviate deficiencies in their lives
95
Being motivation
Search for higher values

History And Systems (1 decks)

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