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Gen Psychology > Test #3 > Flashcards

Test #3 Flashcards

0
Q

The unfolding of capacities independent from experience

A

Naturation

Nature

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1
Q

What are the 3 broad areas of developmental psychology?

A
  1. Physical
  2. Psychological
  3. Social
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2
Q

Biological factors such as genetics

A

Nature

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3
Q

The environment around you.

Need it to experience certain things

A

Nurture

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4
Q

Nature and nurture are intertwined, meaning they both work together to make up the person

Compare this to Pokemon.

A

Nature = IVs

Nurture = EVs

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5
Q

What your mom experienced while you were in the womb is part of environment.

Examples:

A 
Nutrition 
Smokes
Dope
Drugs 
Alcohol
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6
Q

What numbers make of the range of a correlation code?

A

(-1) to 1

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7
Q

What is the most important factor in the environment?

A

Parents

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8
Q

Key features of good parenting are:

A
  1. Safety
  2. Consistency
  3. Stimulating environment
  4. Love / care
  5. Fostering independence

explained:

  1. If you had to worry all day about being hurt, could cause bad development
  2. Day1- “ilysm!” — Day2- “fuck off bro!”
  3. Opportunity to learn
  4. Emotional connections
  5. Overprotective parents send the message that kid can’t do anything themselves
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9
Q

What is the attachment process?

A

The bond formed with your mom within the first year (12 months) of life

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10
Q

What happens to someone severely neglected or abused?

A

Problems with:

  1. Emotional development
  2. Language
  3. Social
  4. Physical

explained:

  1. Always fearful
  2. Have trouble talking
  3. Making friends / anxiety
  4. Look really small (height / weight)
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11
Q

What are the “developmental milestones”

A

Language development:

  1. (0-2 months) - cry / grunt
  2. (2 months) - cooing (vowel sounds “ahh”)
  3. (3-6 months) - babbling (sounds like words)
  4. (12 months) - 1st world expressed (and they know what it means)
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12
Q

Which developmental milestone in language is the major milestone?

A

12 months

When the 1st word is expressed and they know what it means

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13
Q

Receptive language proceeds expressed language.

This means:

A

They can understand what you’re saying before they’re able to talk

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14
Q

Able to describe different sounds

A

Phonics

Ex:
“ba” ; “da”

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15
Q

Understanding what words mean

A

Semantics

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16
Q

The way the words themselves are put together

A

Grammar

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17
Q

The way you talk to friends vs at a job interview

A

Pragmatics

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18
Q

Language development 4 parts:

A
  1. Phonics
  2. Semantics
  3. Grammar
  4. Pragmatics
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19
Q

What is cognitive ability?

A

The ability to think and solve problems

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20
Q

What name is associated with cognitive development?

A

Piaget

•There are 4 distinct stages in life where ‘thinking’ is different.

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21
Q

What are the 4 stages of ‘thinking’ development?

A
  1. Sensorimotor stage (0-2 yr)
  2. Pre-operational stage (2-7 yr)
  3. Concrete operational stage (7-11 yr)
  4. Formal operational stage (11+ yr)
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22
Q

What is object permanence

  • when do humans master this?
  • example:
A

Object permanence-

-Even if you can’t directly sense something, you know it still exists

  • 18 months
  • Ex: Peek-a-boo
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23
Q

a stage in which:

Learning begins in a physical way

A

Sensorimotor stage (0-2 yr)

touch, see, feel

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24
Q

a stage in which:

Thinking is illogical compared to adults

A

Pre-operational stage (2-7 yr)

when problem solving

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25
Q

Focused on one key characteristic, ignoring other important features

A

Centered thinking

Ex:
3 beakers – 2 tall/thin – 1 short/thick
Both have the same amount, but kid always thinks the taller beaker has more (no matter what)

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26
Q

Can’t think in opposite directions

A

Irreversible thinking

Ex:
They know they have a sister – don’t realize that Sister has a brother

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27
Q

Can not take the perspective of another person

A

Egocentrism

They don’t realize anyone else thinks differently

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28
Q

a stage in which:

You can think of things you’ve actually experienced

A

Concrete operational stage (7- 11 yr)

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29
Q

a stage in which:

You can think about things you have not had experience with

A

Formal operational stage (11+ yr)

abstractly

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30
Q

If you asked the question:

“What would happen if people could fly?”

How would someone answer who is in:
•Stage 3 (concrete)
•Stage 4 (formal)

A

•Stage 3 answer:
“You can’t fly”

•Stage 4 answer:
“That would be awesome so cool, etc..”

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31
Q

Why do teenagers fight with their parents?

A

Your mind has changed

you can see things differently now

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32
Q

When are most college students actively in the formal operational stage?

A

When studying in an area of expertise

their major, interests, etc.

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33
Q

What name is associated with moral development?

A

Kohlberg

•there are 3 stages of moral decision making conventions of society
rules, laws, regulations

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34
Q

What are the 3 stages of moral development?

A

Stage 1 - Pre-conventional stage

Stage 2 - Conventional stage

Stage 3 - Post-conventional stage

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35
Q

a stage when you:

Make decisions based on consequences, rather than if the behavior is right or wrong

A

Stage 1 - Pre-conventional stage

Ex:
a kid / a criminal –
“what will happen if I get caught?”

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36
Q

a stage when you

Go with society & make a decision of if the behavior itself is right or wrong

A

Stage 2 - Conventional stage

won’t break the law

37
Q

a stage when you

Make decisions based off own self-created moral code

A

Stage 3 - Post-conventional stage

you go beyond the conventional stage for a greater good

38
Q

A person’s unique and enduring behavior patterns

A

Personality

Specific to person, stays same over time

39
Q

Genetically influenced traits

A

Temperament

40
Q

The vast amount of your personality was _____

A

Learned

beliefs, attitudes

41
Q

What are “easy-to-rear” children?

A

They smile at you, sleep on time, etc..

42
Q

What are “difficult-to-rear” children?

A

They are moody and fussy

Ex:
“Come on go to sleep, I have to get up for work!”

43
Q

What are “slow to warm up” children?

A

A mix of the 2 types of kids, start off moody and eventually warm up

44
Q

The way your family interacts with your _____ becomes your personality

A

Temperament

45
Q

Behavior is determined by your mind

A

Psychoanalytic theory

  • it is comprised of 3 parts of mind
  • the way the do/don’t work together determines how you behave
46
Q

Biological instincts

that are present at birth

A

Id

Ex:
•sex
•aggression

47
Q

The Id functions on an unconscious level

  • pushes you in certain directions
  • based off the pleasure principle

What is the pleasure principle?

A

“I want immediate satisfaction of a need”

Ex:
an infant crying if it doesn’t get fed

48
Q

What are the major forces of behavior?

A
  1. Id
  2. Ego
  3. Super ego
49
Q

Logical, rational decision making part of the mind

A

Ego

Ex:
“the CEO of your mind”

anxiety builds up if ego can’t solve problem

50
Q

The ego functions on a conscious level.

•works on the reality principle to find a compromise

When does the ego emerge?

A

During the first year of life, when one realizes all their needs cannot be met

51
Q

The judge of your behavior

A

Super ego

develops around age 3 or 4

52
Q

The super ego is the moral code used to judge all future behavior

•learned from parents for what they see as good or bad

What are the 2 parts of the super ego?
What do they do?

A
  1. Conscious - memory of all things we were punished for (bad stuff to do)
  2. Ego ideal - memory of all things we were rewarded for (good stuff to do)
53
Q

What influences the development of:

  • Id
  • Ego
  • Super ego
A

•Id - nature

  • Ego - nurture
  • Super ego - nurture
54
Q

What are the 5 psychosexual stages of development?

A
  1. Oral stage
  2. Anal stage
  3. Phallic stage
  4. Latency
  5. Genital stage

•you become the person you are based off genetics along with the way you passed through the stages (environment)

55
Q

What is the Oral stage of development?

A

Life is focused around your mouth
(0-1 yr)

Ex:
•Eating
•Put everything in your mouth

•Ween a baby off breast or bottle
(if too soon- can create dependency)
(if too long- can create feelings of entitlement or aggression)

56
Q

What is the Anal stage of development?

A

Pleasure is focused in anal area
(1-3 yr)

Ex:
•toilet training
(too severe- can develop OCD)
(not severe- messy)

57
Q

What is the Phallic stage of development?

A

Pleasure focused on the genital area
(3-6 yr)

  • The love-hate relationship is formed with parents
  • Child falls in love with opposite sex parent and doesn’t want to share
  • edible complex- ‘boy becomes father’
  • electra complex- ‘girl becomes mother’
58
Q

What is the Latency stage of development?

A

(6-puberty)

  • non physical
  • sexual libido goes dormant
59
Q

What is the Genital stage of development?

A

Puberty

60
Q

Social influences shape us

not so much sexual

A

Alder’s theory

61
Q

What is Alfred Alder’s:

“inferiority complex” ?

A

The underlying cause that shapes personality

  • we are born totally dependent on others
  • this makes us feel inferior
  • these feelings drive us to shape our methods to become superior
62
Q

//As a side note,

2 other things
Freud was the 1st to:

A
  1. discuss unconscious conflicts

2. say childhood experience shapes personality

63
Q

Psychoanalytic / Behaviorism

both say:

A

You don’t have much say about the person you become – it just happens

64
Q

Learned behavior is influenced by the people around you

A

Behavioral theory

•tho you act differently in different environments

Ex:
You would behave very differently if you were placed in a maximum security prison

65
Q

Why are Humanistic theories different from psychoanalytic and behavioral theories?

A

bc it says YOU CAN CHANGE

Ex:
•free will
•Maslow and Self Actualization
•Rogers and the Idealized self

66
Q

Who said
“Our behavior is motivated by NEEDS”
(or need fulfillment)
?

A

Maslow

67
Q

What is the Hierarchy of Needs?

7

A
  1. Self Actualization
  2. Aesthetic (LF: beauty of life)
  3. Knowledge
  4. Esteem (“do I get respect?”)
  5. Love (belonging)
  6. Safety (free of threat)
  7. Physiological (food / water)
68
Q

What are the ‘growth needs’ ?

A

(1-3)

  1. Self Actualization
  2. Aesthetic
  3. Knowledge
69
Q

What are the

‘deficiency needs’ ?

A

•we seek to get rid of these
(4-6)

  1. Esteem
  2. Love
  3. Safety
  4. Physiological
70
Q

To use all of your potential to maximize yourself and be the best you can be

A

Self Actualization

the whole pyramid is a cycle

71
Q

This ‘perfect model’ of what you’d like to be

A

the Idealized self

72
Q

How you think you really are

A

Self Image

73
Q

Who studied the (Idealized self)

and (Self image) ?

A

Rogers

{if} Idealized self = Self Image
•life is good
•if there’s a big gap, you feel inadequate

(mom/dad have these expectations – can’t set it unrealistically high – need to set your own expectations to be happy)

74
Q

Factors that impact the

‘formation of attitudes’:

A

•social factors

•your reference(friend) group is very influential
“do I fit in?”

•your parents (you don’t have a choice / any other perspective)

•the direct experiences you’ve had & how they effect you now
(Spots bites you / scared of dogs now)

75
Q

‘formation of attitudes’

•You get other information from:
social media, school, religious shit, news

•Why do you need to be cautious about (news) mass media?

A

•they put a slant on it with biased opinions
(Fox News, CNN)

•good news does not sell
(puts a negative perspective on the world)

•they don’t give you both sides of the argument
(no big picture)

76
Q

Emotions can and will influence attitudes

Why must one be careful?

A

•can be quite superficial

Ex:
Police
you hate them if they gotcha

77
Q

What are 3 ways to change a person’s attitude through a behavior?

A
  1. Cognitive dissonance
  2. Change the reference groups
  3. Persuasion
78
Q

An uncomfortable psychological feeling you have when you’ve done something you shouldn’t have done

A

Cognitive dissonance

79
Q

Cognitive dissonance can be used to change an attitude to be consistent with a behavior.

Though 2 factors apply:

A
  1. Can’t force them to engage in the behavior

2. They didn’t have a good reason to do the behavior

80
Q

What are the 3 factors that can be used to persuade someone?

A

A. Communicator’s credibility

B. Use an emotional message

C. The medium

81
Q

How does one determine a

‘communicator’s credibility’ ?

A
  1. Trustworthiness
  2. Likability
  3. Are they an expert?
  4. How similar are they to you?
82
Q

‘persuasion’

The use of an emotional message works, as long as you: ______

A

•provide a plan of action to deal with the emotion you generate
(anger, fear)

Ex:
Vote for me
“I’ll save the world”

83
Q

‘persuasion’

One-sided: tell your point of view only
Two-sided: give the pros / cons

When do you use a ‘one-sided argument’
vs a ‘two-sided argument’ ?

A

•One-sided: when they’re poorly informed

Ex:
When talking to Meme

•Two-sided: when you have a well informed audience
(they think you’re more trustworthy when you give them information they already know)

Ex:
When talking to Bucko

84
Q

How you actually tell the audience

your message

A

Medium

85
Q

‘persuasion’

When would you use a Medium that is:
•face-to-face
•written form
?

A

•face-to-face

  1. an emotional argument
  2. if you’re attractive and likable

•written form

  1. idea is complex
  2. they are unattractive

Ex:
JFK vs Nixon
•people ‘watching’ voted for JFK
(he was hot, etc..)

•people ‘listening’ on the radio voted for Nixon

86
Q

What are the variables that effect attitudes?

A
  1. the CULTURE in which you were raised
  2. Parents - (who got it from past generations)

**Culture is an indirect, but powerful, indicator

87
Q

Believe that your group is the right group

A

Ethnocentrism

(when different groups come together, there are HUGE arguments)

Ex:
Religion (LOL)
-points of view aren’t better or worse, rather ‘different’

88
Q

What is a stereotype?

A

•a preconceived notion about a group

“they are not similar to me in any way.”

“that group all behaves exactly the same, unlike us.”

89
Q

A negative feeling toward someone of a particular group

A

Prejudice

90
Q

How do you change a prejudiced attitude?

A
  1. Awareness
    •make them see other points of view
    (theirs is just 1 out of many)
  2. Perspective taking
    •helps to break down their rigid thinking
    “How would you feel if I said ___?”
3. Contact 
•must be "equal status contact" 
(if it is not, only escalates problems)
Ex:
at work: Supervisor vs Employee
  1. Super-ordinate goals
    •rises above both groups by benefiting both
    (eventually they’ll see “they’re not so different from me after all”)

Gen Psychology (4 decks)

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