Test 3?

Question 1

in psychology what does idiographic describe

Answer 1

the study of the individual who is seen as a unique agent with unique life history

Question 2

what is the common method to study these unique characteristics

Answer 2

biography

Question 3

what is nomotheitc

Answer 3

describes the study of classes or cohorts of individuals.

Question 4

what is No inferential statistics

Answer 4

graphic analysis and eyeballing

Question 5

what is Counter argument

Answer 5

only the strongest effect receive support as opposed to inferential

Question 6

what does the individual participant serve as

Answer 6

serves as the unit of analysis

Question 7

how many people are studied in a single case experiment design

Answer 7

typically 3 to 8

Question 8

what is the baseline

Answer 8

pretest

Question 9

robbies study of behavior

Answer 9

1. pretest
2. Disregard disruptive behavior/ praise after 1 continuous minute of studying
3. Remove operant conditioning
4. Reinstate operant conditioning
5. Continue  assessed later (also better in spelling 9 from 10 instead of 5)

Question 10

what is irreverseability

Answer 10

once a change in the independent variable occurs, the dependent variable is affected. This cannot be undone by simply removing the independent variable.

Question 11

what is ethical problems

Answer 11

Withdrawal of treatment in the withdrawal design can at times present ethical and feasibility problems.

Question 12

what are case studies

Answer 12

making careful analyses of the experiences of a particular person or group

Question 13

what makes case studies different

Answer 13

usually of extraordinary experience which would be hard to recreate in the lab

Question 14

what are the uses of case study methods

Answer 14

1. development or refinement of theories of human behavior. A source of insights and ideas.
2. describe rare phenomenon

Question 15

what is group think

Answer 15

1. tendency to seek concurrence among group members.
2. Emerges when the need for agreement takes priority over the motivation to obtain accurate information and make appropriate decisions.

Question 16

what are limitations of the case study approach

Answer 16

1. failure to control all variables
2. statistical interference (how well the results apply to to people in general.
3. operational definitions are sometimes a problem
4. observer biases

Question 17

what is single variable research

Answer 17

describe some specific properties of a large group of people

Question 18

what is a population survey and consensus

Answer 18

The first identifies a (hopefully) representative subset while the latter targets the defined population.

Question 19

what is sampling error

Answer 19

reflects the likely discrepancy between the results one obtains from a sample and the population.

Question 20

simple random sampling facts

Answer 20

can be generalized, have equal chance of inlcusion, involves identifying all elements

Question 21

systematic sampling

Answer 21

selecting every nth case, easier to do then random sampling, close approximation of random sampling

Question 22

stratified sampling

Answer 22

divide into groups and take samples from those groups, sample represents key sub groups from that population,

Question 23

cluster sampling

Answer 23

surveying whole clusters of populations, schools, hospitals, region, individuals within the group can be interviewed and surveyed, multiple stages

Question 24

snowball sampling

Answer 24

building samples through referrals, once one is identified ask them to identify others, working populations not easily identifiable

Question 25

sex surveys

Answer 25

kinsley

Question 26

what is Epidemiological Research

Answer 26

descriptive studies that focus primarily on the prevalence of different diseases within meaningful, well-defined populations.

Question 27

what is Research on Public opinion

Answer 27

designed to determine the attitudes and the preferences of specific populations (including marketing research).

Question 28

false consensus effect

Answer 28

where an individual believes that own beliefs, ideals, concepts, opinions, values and attitudes are held more widely within a certain population than they actually are. Psychology Dictionary: What is FALSE-CONSENSUS EFFECT? definition of FALSE-CONSENSUS EFFECT (Psychology Dictionary)

Question 29

advantages of population surveys

Answer 29

cost effective

Question 30

disadvantages of population surveys

Answer 30

Complex sampling issues. Attrition of the American public to being surveyed. Noise.

Question 31

correlation research

Answer 31

exploration into associations of variables in natural settings.

Question 32

Which Types of Confounds should be looked for in Correlational Research

Answer 32

person confounds- individual difference variable enviornmental- situational. Stressful life events can cause both depression and anxiety! Operational confounds – occurs when a measure which is designed to measure one construct measures something else as well.

Question 33

why correlation research

Answer 33

1. Some research can not be conducted ethically or efficiently otherwise (in the laboratory). 2. Gains in external validity sometimes compensate for any losses in internal validity

Question 34

archival research

Answer 34

Research in which investigators examine naturally existing public records to test a theory or hypothesis. Usually high on external validity.

Question 35

problems with archival research

Answer 35

1. internal validity | 2. classifications

Question 36

first component of experimental research

Answer 36

Manipulation – The experimenter systematically alters the levels of the independent variable to asses changes in the outcome variable

Question 37

how to solve the problem of ceteris paribus

Answer 37

first attempt- matching one participant to a similar one in the other group

Question 38

problems with matching

Answer 38

hard to achieve and endless

Question 39

random assignment

Answer 39

assigning participants to either research condition.

Question 40

strengths of random assignment

Answer 40

1. relatively easy and equalizes the groups

Question 41

problems with random assignment

Answer 41

the need for thoughtful replication

Question 42

independent variable

Answer 42

experiment manipulated by the experimenter

Question 43

levels

Answer 43

one value of an independent variable

Question 44

types of independent variables

Answer 44

1. environmental 2. instructional 3. invasive

Question 45

dependent variable

Answer 45

variable in the experiment measured by the experimenter

Question 46

manipulation checks

Answer 46

a measure designed to see if a manipulation truly puts people in the psychological state that the experimenter wishes to create.

Question 47

procedural confounds

Answer 47

Occur when an experimenter unwittingly manipulates two or more things at once.

Question 48

operational confounds

Answer 48

The independent variable caused the observed changes in the dependent variable but the independent variable may not represent the construct the experimenter originally had in mind.

Question 49

what does lab research eliminate

Answer 49

confounds