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Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

If O2 goes down what do vessels do

A

Vasodilate

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2
Q

If O2 goes up what do vessels do

A

Constrict

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3
Q

Is a knife low or high velocity

A

Low

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4
Q

Most common skull fracture

A

Linear

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5
Q

What type of fracture looks like you cracked an egg

A

Comminuted

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6
Q

What is the halo effect

A

When blood encircled by a yellowish stain is seen in dressing or bed linen

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7
Q

What is battles sign

A

Bruising behind the ear

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8
Q

Clinical presentation of basilar fracture

A

Battle sign and raccoon eyes

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9
Q

Potential infectious complication of basilar fracture

A

Meningitis

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10
Q

Examples of focal primary brain injuries

A

Contusions, hematomas, penetrating injuries

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11
Q

Example of diffuse primary brain injury

A

Diffuse axonal injury

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12
Q

Recovery with diffuse axonal injury

A

No or minimal recovery

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13
Q

What type of bleed is epidural hematoma

A

Usually arterial, may or may not be able to stop

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14
Q

What type of bleed is subdural hematoma

A

Venous, slow bleed

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15
Q

Most common secondary brain injury

A

Cerebral ischemia

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16
Q

Outcome with secondary brain injury

A

When secondary injury takes hold it is hard to resolve

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17
Q

Components of cranial vault

A

Brian tissue, blood, CSF

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18
Q

Normal ICP

A

0-15 mmHg

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19
Q

Increased ICP?

A

20 mmHg of greater from more than 5 minutes

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20
Q

What is the Monroe Kellie Hypothesis

A

Increase in any component requires decrease in one or both of other components to maintain ICP

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21
Q

Neuro #1 priority

A

Oxygenated blood to brain cells

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22
Q

Is herniation a early or late sign

A

Late

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23
Q

Best tool for objective assessment of LOC

A

Glasgow coma scale

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24
Q

Components of Glasgow coma scale

A

Eye opening, verbal response, motor response

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25
Early signs neurological change of increased ICP
LOC change, weakness
26
Late signs of neurological changes of increased ICP
Stupor, coma, pupil changes (non responsive), posturing
27
Early vital sign change of increased ICP
Hypertension
28
Late vital sign change of increased ICP
Cushings triad - systolic Hypertension with widening pulse pressure - bradycardia - irregular respirations
29
What is Cushings triad
- systolic Hypertension with widening pulse pressure - bradycardia - irregular respirations (sign of irreversible damage)
30
With what Glasgow coma scale score do we indicate ICP monitoring
3-8
31
CPP=
CPP=MAP-ICP
32
Normal CPP
70-100 mmHg
33
Examples of osmotic diuretics
Mannitol and hypertonic saline 3%
34
Normal serum osmolality
275-295 mOsm/L | 2x normal sodium
35
What is Nicardipine
Calcium channel blocker can be used to control hypertension without effecting cerebral vasculature
36
3 types of incomplete lesions
Anterior cord syndrome, central cord syndrome, and Brown-Sequard syndrome
37
C1 to C3 usually
Ventilator dependent
38
PCO2 is a potent ________
Vasodilator
39
Hallmark early sign of shock in pediatric patients
Tachycardia
40
Late sign of shock in pediatric patients
Hypotension
41
What is Kehrs sign
Left shoulder pain from diaphragm injury in spleen injury in children
42
Trajectories of women in penetrating trauma? Men?
Women-downward | Men-upward force
43
What lobe would memory and hearing loss relate to
Temporal
44
What lobe has the primary functions of thinking, planning, judgment?
Frontal
45
What lobe has the primary function of sensory function
Parietal
46
What type of posturing when a patient has rigid extension and pronation of arms and legs
Decebrate
47
Normal GFR
80-125 ml/min
48
What is the GFR
How fast are the kidneys able to filter our blood
49
Normal phosphorus
2.4-4.1
50
Normal magnesium
1.5-2.5
51
How much of the cardiac output goes to the kidneys
20-25%
52
Afferent vs. efferent
Afferent- in toward a system | Efferent- out away from a system
53
ADH and aldosterone deal with what
Water reabsorption
54
What happens if patient is acidotic
Kidneys form ammonia and excrete extra hydrogen ions
55
What happens if a patient is alkalotic
Increased bicarb excretion
56
What is enuresis
Kid pees the bed at night
57
Hallmark signs of AKI
Azotemia and oliguria
58
A sudden decline in function resulting in disturbances of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Acute Kidney Injury
59
What is azotemia
Increased BUN and creatinine
60
What is oliguria
Urine output of less than 0.5 ml/kg/hr
61
When a child is less than 2 can they not be potty trained
Not neurologically developed enough to control bladder
62
What is the most common cause of AKI in critical care patient
Sepsis
63
Causes of AKI
Prerenal, intrarenal, postrenal
64
Prerenal cause AKI
Before the kidney and it is a perfusion issue
65
Intrarenal causes of AKI
In the kidney, act on kidney tissue, acute tubular necrosis most common, contrast induced nephropathy is another cause
66
Most common cause of intrarenal AKI
Acute tubular necrosis
67
What kind of cause is contrast induced nephropathy
Intrarenal cause
68
Drug to protect kidneys from dye
Mucomyst
69
Postrenal causes of AKI
Obstruction of some sort, urine is sitting in kidney so increased intratubular pressure=decreased GFR, hydronephrosis
70
What are the three phases of AKI
Imitation, maintenance, recovery
71
In what stage is intrinsic renal damage established
Maintenance phase
72
How long may recovery phase take in AKI
4-6 months
73
Normal BUN/creatinine ratio
10:1-20:1
74
Normal creatinine clearance
84-134 ml/min
75
Normal GFR
80-125 ml/min
76
What is the GFR
How fast are the kidneys able to filter our blood
77
Normal phosphorus
2.4-4.1
78
Normal magnesium
1.5-2.5
79
How much of the cardiac output goes to the kidneys
20-25%
80
Afferent vs. efferent
Afferent- in toward a system | Efferent- out away from a system
81
ADH and aldosterone deal with what
Water reabsorption
82
What happens if patient is acidotic
Kidneys form ammonia and excrete extra hydrogen ions
83
What happens if a patient is alkalotic
Increased bicarb excretion
84
What is enuresis
Kid pees the bed at night
85
Hallmark signs of AKI
Azotemia and oliguria
86
A sudden decline in function resulting in disturbances of fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balance
Acute Kidney Injury
87
What is azotemia
Increased BUN and creatinine
88
What is oliguria
Urine output of less than 0.5 ml/kg/hr
89
When a child is less than 2 can they not be potty trained
Not neurologically developed enough to control bladder
90
What is the most common cause of AKI in critical care patient
Sepsis
91
Causes of AKI
Prerenal, intrarenal, postrenal
92
Prerenal cause AKI
Before the kidney and it is a perfusion issue
93
Intrarenal causes of AKI
In the kidney, act on kidney tissue, acute tubular necrosis most common, contrast induced nephropathy is another cause
94
Most common cause of intrarenal AKI
Acute tubular necrosis
95
What kind of cause is contrast induced nephropathy
Intrarenal cause
96
Drug to protect kidneys from dye
Mucomyst
97
Postrenal causes of AKI
Obstruction of some sort, urine is sitting in kidney so increased intratubular pressure=decreased GFR, hydronephrosis
98
What are the three phases of AKI
Imitation, maintenance, recovery
99
In what stage is intrinsic renal damage established
Maintenance phase
100
How long may recovery phase take in AKI
4-6 months
101
Normal BUN/creatinine ratio
10:1-20:1
102
Normal creatinine clearance
84-134 ml/min

Critical Care (4 decks)

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