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Physical Geography > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

The boundary between the Earth’s crust and mantle is called:

A

Moho.

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2
Q

Which is the top part of the Earth based on physical properties?

A

Lithosphere.

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3
Q

Parts of the Earth based on physical properties, in order from the surface are:

A

Lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, inner core.

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4
Q

Parts of the Earth based on chemical properties, in order from the surface:

A

Crust (continental and oceanic), Moho boundary, mantle, core.

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5
Q

Continental crust vs oceanic crust:

A

Continental crust is larger and less dense than the oceanic crust.

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6
Q

Heat and pressure makes:

A

Metamorphic rock

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7
Q

Weathering, transportation, deposition and lithification makes:

A

Sedimentary rock

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8
Q

Melting, cooling and solidifying makes:

A

Igneous rock

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9
Q

Where is new ocean floor created?

A

Ocean ridges

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10
Q

Where does rifting occur?

A

Ridges in the crust.

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11
Q

Where are subduction zones?

A

Trenches, where one plate goes under another.

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12
Q

What were the Himalayas formed by?

A

Continental-Continental collision.

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13
Q

Hawaiian Islands were formed by:

A

a hot spot.

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14
Q

What is mass wasting?

A

When gravity overcomes friction.

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15
Q

What is an oxbow lake?

A

A stream bend that is cut off from the main stream.

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16
Q

Longitudinal sand dunes are:

A

parallel to the wind.

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17
Q

Alluvial fans are found in:

A

Arid climates.

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18
Q

When alluvial fans get big and join together it is called:

A

Bajada (alluvial apron).

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19
Q

What is a wind-carved rock called?

A

Ventifact.

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20
Q

The continental shelf is part of…

A

the land, not the ocean.

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21
Q

The average salinity of the ocean is:

A

between 30 and 35 ppt (parts per thousand) or 3.0 to 3.5 %. (parts per hundred).

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22
Q

As water evaporates, salinity:

A

increases.

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23
Q

Waves converge on the:

A

headlands.

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24
Q

Can barrier islands migrate?

A

Yes.

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25
Are tsunamis visible in the ocean?
No.
26
Where is Earth’s crust being recycled?
In subduction zones.
27
What percentage of Earth’s history is Pre-cambrian?
87%
28
What are the 3 plate boundaries?
Divergent (moving apart), convergent (coming together) and transform (moving past each other).
29
Transforming plate boundaries do not:
create or destroy crusts.
30
Ural mountains were produced along:
Continental - Continental collision. Convergent boundary.
31
What measures earthquakes?
Seismograph.
32
To make barrier islands, you need:
Continental Shelf  Sentiment coming from rivers  Inactive coast  Small tidal range 
33
A spit is created by:
Deposition. It is a linear ridge of sediment.
34
A tombolo is created by:
deposition. A sand ridge that connects an island to another island or mainland.
35
A sea arch is created by:
erosion.
36
A sea stack is caused by:
wave erosion.
37
A barrier island is created by:
deposition.
38
A sand bar that blocks the bay is called:
a bay mouth bar.
39
What are the features that hang from the ceiling in a cave?
Stalactites.
40
What are the features that rise from the ground in a cave?
Stalagmites.
41
What looks like a frozen waterfall in a cave?
Flowstone.
42
What is uniformitarianism?
The concept that the present is the key to the past.
43
How old is the earth?
about 4.5 billion years.
44
What percentage of Earth’s volume is the mantle?
80%.
45
The geologic cycle consists of:
Hydrologic cycle, rock cycle, and tectonic cycle.
46
What cycle brings new material to the surface and recycles old material?
Tectonic cycle.
47
Sedimentary rock can be:
clastic (from mechanical weathering), chemical (from precipitation) or metamorphic (any rock that recrystallizes)
48
What drives plate tectonics?
The nuclear fission, radioactive decay in the core that makes heat.
49
What are examples of continental drift?
The shape of the continents, fossil evidence, ancient climate similarities, rock structures.
50
Where is the deepest set of features on earth’s surface?
Ocean trenches.
51
Subduction occurs with:
the collision of the continental and oceanic crusts.
52
Moving away from the ridge, the rock gets:
older.
53
What is a hotspot?
Area of volcanic eruptions and high heat flow.
54
When did Pangea exist?
About 200 million years ago. one large continent.
55
What is relief?
The vertical elevation difference between landscape features.
56
What are the orders of relief?
First (largest, continents), second (large mountain ranges), third (smaller mountain ranges), fourth (single mountain, hill, mesa), fifth (small, sandbar, cliff, waterfall).
57
What percentage of the earth is above sea level?
29%
58
Parts of the shore, from coast to open sea:
backshore, foreshore, nearshore, offshore.
59
The water’s edge is called the:
shoreline.
60
Boundary between nearshore and offshore is called:
breakerline.
61
Visible shelf of sand we normally call the beach is called the:
berm.
62
What is anticline and syncline?
The folds of the crust. Anticline is the peaks and syncline is the valleys.
63
Where does an earthquake actually take place?
In the focus.
64
What is the epicenter?
Location on the surface directly above the focus.
65
What is lava vs magma?
Magma is molten rock in Earth’s crust. Lava is magma that reaches the surface through a vent.
66
What is the science of landforms called?
Geomorphology.
67
Besides rock, what is needed for weathering?
Water.
68
What type of weathering breaks up rocks into smaller pieces?
Physical.
69
Frost weathering is caused by:
water’s expansive properties.
70
What kind of area has lots of sinkholes and caves?
Karst topography.
71
In a translational landslide, the slippage is:
planar.
72
An isolated mountain will have what kind of drainage pattern?
Radial.
73
What is a stream's capacity?
The largest amount of sediment it can carry.
74
What is a stream's competence?
The largest single piece of sediment it can carry.
75
When do natural levies build?
During floods.
76
To form a delta, you need:
lots of sediment, shallow water, weak currents, and no reservoirs upstream.
77
What does aeolian refer to?
Wind.
78
The ability of wind to move materials is...
weaker than water.
79
What is deflation?
Wind lifting material.
80
What is desert pavement?
Thin veneer of stones resulting from deflation.
81
A crescent dune with horns pointed downwind is:
barchan.
82
A crescent dune with horns pointed upwind is:
parabolic.
83
What parts of the US have aeolian processes?
SW, deserts.
84
Besides water, what are the primary elements of the ocean?
Sodium and chlorine.
85
When is the tide the strongest?
When the moon, sun and earth line up.
86
What happens when waves feel bottom?
Wavelength shortens, wave height increases.
87
What is wave reflection?
bouncing off steep beach or seawall.
88
What is wave refraction?
bending around headlands.
89
Who was the pioneer of modern continental drift theory?
Alfred Wagner

Physical Geography (1 decks)

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