Test 3 Flashcards
(271 cards)
1
Q
what are lipids (4)
A
fats are lipids that are solid at room temp
oils are lipids that are liquid at room temp
Insoluble in water
Diverse functions: energy storage, structural, signaling
2
Q
what are the classes of lipids (5)
A
free fatty acids triacylglycerols phospholipids glycolipids steroids
3
Q
what are storage lipids derived from
A
HIGHLY REDUCED hydrocarbon compounds called fatty acids
4
Q
why are fatty acids called fatty “acids”
A
because one end contains a carboxylic acid
5
Q
are most fatty acids even or odd numbered
A
even
6
Q
what is the range in number of carbons
A
4 to 36
7
Q
what are fatty acids with 0 double bonds called
A
saturated fats
8
Q
what are fatty acids with 1 double bond called
A
monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)
9
Q
what are fatty acids with 2 or more double bonds called
A
polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)
10
Q
How many kcal/g do lipids provide
A
9
11
Q
how many kcals in ~1 pound of fat
A
3500
12
Q
what is another name for fatty acids
A
acyls
13
Q
what are the two areas of classification of fatty acids
A
number of carbons (length)
number of bonds (saturation)
14
Q
How many carbons are present in a short chain fatty acid
A
4-6
15
Q
how many carbons are present in a medium chain fatty acid
A
8-12
16
Q
how many carbons are present in a long chain fatty acid
A
14-24
17
Q
How many bonds are present in a saturated fatty acid
A
0
18
Q
how many bonds are present in a MUFA
A
1
19
Q
how many bonds are present in a PUFA
A
2 or more
20
Q
Are saturated fatty acid oil or fat at room temp? and why?
A
fat. a lack of double bonds makes it easy for them to lay in uniform, tightly packed, crystalline formation
21
Q
are MUFAs oil or fat at room temp and why
A
oil. the ‘kink’ created by the single double bond makes it difficult for the FA to lay down in uniform manner
22
Q
are PUFAs oil or fat at room temp and why
A
oil. the multiple ‘kinks’ created by the multiple double bonds makes it difficult for the FA to lay down in uniform manner
23
Q
What functional group is present at the omega end of all fatty acids (SFA, MUFAs and PUFAs)
A
methyl (CH3)
24
Q
what functional group is found between double bonds in a PUFA
A
methylene (CH2)
25
what is the methylene group in PUFAs called
a methylene interrupter
26
what does the methylene group in PUFAs facilitate
rotation around the methylene group into several conformations
27
what are the two types of FA nomenclature
delta and omega
28
which end do you start counting from with delta nomenclature
the carboxylic acid group
29
which end do you start counting from with omega nomenclature
the methyl group end
30
what are some common patterns in FA (4)
even number of carbons
most common contain 12-24 carbons
most common bond is between c9 and c10 (delta)
double bonds are always 3 carbons apart
31
Name the Numbering, systematic name, and sources for PROPIONIC ACID
3:0, propanoic acid, fermented foods
32
Name the Numbering, systematic name, and sources for BUTYRIC ACID
4:0, butanoic, butter and goat milk
33
Name the Numbering, systematic name, and sources for CAPROIC ACID
6:0, hexanoic, goat milk
34
Name the Numbering, systematic name, and sources for CAPRYLIC ACID
8:0, octanoic, goat milk
35
Name the Numbering, systematic name, and sources for CAPRIC ACID
10:0, decanoic, goat milk
36
Name the Numbering, systematic name, and sources for LAURIC ACID
12:0, dodecanoic, coconut milk
37
Name the Numbering, systematic name, and sources for MYRISTIC ACID
14:0, tetradecanoic, coconut oil and palm oil
38
Name the Numbering, systematic name, and sources for PALMITIC ACID
16:0, hexadecanoic, palm oil, cocoa butter
39
Name the Numbering, systematic name, and sources for STEARIC ACID
18:0, octadecanoic, animal fats and cocoa butter
40
Name the Numbering, systematic name, and sources for ARACHIDIC ACID
20:0, eicosanoic, peanut oil, corn oil and cocoa butter
41
Name the Numbering, systematic name, and sources for LIGNOCERIC ACID
24:0, tetracosanoic, peanut oil
42
Name the Delta numbering, Omega numbering and sources for PALMITOLEIC ACID
16:1^9, 16:1w7, fish oil and macadamia nuts
43
Name the Delta numbering, Omega numbering and sources for OLEIC ACID
18:1^9, 18:1w9, olive oil and canola oil
44
Name the Delta numbering, Omega numbering and sources for NERVONIC ACID
24:1^15, 24:1w9, seed oils like flax
45
Name the Delta numbering, Omega numbering and sources for LINOLEIC ACID
18:2^9,12 , 18:2w6, corn, soy and sunflower oils
46
Name the Delta numbering, Omega numbering and sources for ALPHA-LINOLEIC ACID
18:3^9,12,15 , 18:3w3, flax, pumpkin, kiwi seeds, canola oils
47
Name the Delta numbering, Omega numbering and sources for ACARCHIDONIC ACID (ARA)
20:4^5,8,11,14 , 20:4w6, animal fats and eggs
48
Name the Delta numbering, Omega numbering and sources for EICOSAPENTANOIC ACID (EPA)
20:5^5,8,11,14,17 , 20:5w3, fish, algae and omega-3 eggs
49
Name the Delta numbering, Omega numbering and sources for DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID (DHA)
22:6^4,7,10,13,16,19 , 22:6w3, fish, algae, breast milk and omega-3 eggs
50
Are long chain lipids more or less soluble in water
less soluble
51
what does it mean to be more saturated
less double bonds
52
are short, medium and long chain fatty acids transported the same after absorption
no. short and medium are. long are different
53
what is the highest temperature an oil can be used at called
the smoke point
54
which oil has the highest smoke point
canola (468F)
55
Are there a lot of Free Fatty Acids found in the blood
no, very few
56
what do FFA bind to in blood and what kind of bond do they form
bind to albumin via noncovalent bonds
57
what type of specialized carriers transport long-chain fatty acids
chylomicrons
58
why can humans not synthesize omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids
we lack enzymes called desaturases
59
which essential fatty acid do we consume the most of and what are 2 examples
18C variety, Linoleic acid (18:2w6) and alpha-linolenic acid (18:3w3)
60
what two steps are necessary to convert linoleic acid into arachidonic acid in the body
desaturation (adding double bonds) and elongation (adding carbons)
61
why is it important to get dietary DHA
because our body is extremely inefficient at converting from omega-3 to EPA to DHA
62
what is the more common name for triacylglyerols
triglycerides
63
how many carbons and fatty acids are attached to the glycerol backbone of a triglyceride
3 carbons
| 3 fatty acids
64
do most natural triglycerides contain the same fatty acid on all 3 locations
no
| usually mixed and contain different fatty acids
65
what type of reaction creates triglycerides
dehydration
| OH group from backbone and H from free fatty acids form 3 H20 molecules
66
what are triglycerides mainly stored for
energy
67
in what form are triglycerides stored in all cell
lipid droplets
68
why do muscles contain intramuscular triglyceride pools
for endurance exercises
69
What is the name of the special storage cells that store large amounts of triglycerides
adipocytes
70
why are TG better for energy storage than carbs (2)
carbon atoms in FA are more reduced than sugars, so oxidation of FA yields more than 2x as much energy per gram (9kcal/g vs 4kcal/g)
since TG are hydrophobic, fat storage doesn't carry extra weight of water (2g H20/1g carb)
71
do we store more carbs or TG (in adipocytes)
less than a days worth of carbs
months worth of energy in adipocytes as TG (~80,000)
72
why do MUFAs and PUFAs go rancid more easily than saturated fats and triglycerides
oxygen attacks double bonds
73
what causes rancid aroma
oxidative breakage of double bonds yields aldehydes and carboxylic acids with shorter carbon chains
74
what is the difference between cis and trans fatty acids
cis FA can rotate around its double bonds
trans FA are stuck in a linear position
75
what does the fixed nature of trans FA cause it to behave like in the body
saturated fat (lays down in sheets, crystalline)
76
what catalysts is used to hydrogenate FA to make them trans
nickel and H2 gas
77
does trans fat increase of decrease risk of heart disease
increase
78
does trans fat increase of decrease LDL
increase
79
does trans fat increase of decrease HDL
decrease
80
are storage lipids neutral or polar
Neutral (glycerol backbone with 3 FA)
81
are membrane lipids neutral or polar
polar
82
which group of membrane lipids contain phosphate group
phospholipids
83
what are the two types of phospholipids
glycerophospholipids
| sphingophospholipids
84
which group of membrane lipids contain carbohydrates
glycolipids
85
what is the only type of glycolipid
sphingolipids
86
what is the parent compound of glycerophospholipids
phosphatidic acid
87
what is each glycerophospholipid named for
the unique polar head group connected to the phosphate group
88
what are the 5 polar head groups that attach to glycerophospholipids
choline, serine, ethanolamine, glycerol, inositol
89
what is the most common phospholipid in the body and were is it especially concentrated
phosphatidyl-choline (lecithin)
| concentrated in lung surfactant
90
what is phosphatidyl-serine a marker for
apoptosis
91
where is phosphatidyl-ethanolamine highly concentrated
brain and liver
92
what is phosphatidyl-glycerol a precursor for
cardiolipin
93
what is the major function of phosphatidyl-inositol
membrane anchoring and cell signaling
94
where is phosphatidyl-serine normally found
on the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane
95
what happens when phosphatidyl-serine moves to outer leaflet of plasma membrane
signals white blood cell to induce apoptosis
96
where is cardiolipin (diphosphatidyl-glyerol) exclusively found
on the inner mitochondrial membrane
97
describe the phospholipase C pathway
1) hormone binds to receptor starting cascade that activates phospholipase C
2) phospholipase C digest the inositol head group from phosphatidyl-inositol leave a diglyceride
3) The inositol release sequestered calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum.
4) The calcium plus the diglyceride activates protein kinase C which is a phosphorylating enzyme
98
what is an ether phospholipid
a phospholipid in which the 2 fatty acids are attached to the glycerol backbone with ETHER bonds rather than the typical ESTER bond
99
what are the two main ether phospholipids in the body
plasmalogen and platelet activating factor
100
what polar head group is required for the ether glycerophospholipid PLASMALOGEN
ethanolamine
101
what polar head group is required for the ether gylcerophospholipid PLATELET ACTIVATING FACTOR (PAF)
choline
102
which stereospecific number is the ether bond typically located at in plasmalogen
sn-1
103
where is most of the plasmalogen in the body found
50% is found in the brain
| also found in heart, nerve and muscle
104
is the FA on SN1 of a phospholipid usually saturated on unsaturated
saturated
105
is the FA on SN2 of a phospholipid usually saturated or unsaturated
unsaturated
106
on which SN would you be most likely to find EPA in a phospholipid
SN2
typically where you find unsaturated FA
EPA is a MUFA
107
what type of backbone to sphingophospholipids contain
a sphingosine backbone
108
do sphingophospholipids contain a glycerol
NO
109
what is the parent compound of all sphinolipids
ceramide
110
what two components make up a ceramide
sphingosine backbone plus a fatty acid
111
what % of lipids in the stratum corneum are sphingophospholipids and what is their major function
50%-regulate water permeability of skin
112
what four components are present in the sphingolipid sphingomyelin
sphingosine backbone + FA + Phosphate group + choline
113
is sphingomyelin a phospholipid
yes - it contains a phosphate group
114
what makes cerebrosides, globosides, and gangliosides different sphingomyelin
they don't contain a phosphate group. They are sphingolipids but not sphingophospholipids
115
what differentiates cerebrosides, globosides, and gangliosides from each other
the number of sugars attached
116
what are the two types of sugar found on cerebrosides
glucose (found in non-neural tissue
| galactose (found in neural tissue)
117
what types of sugars are found on globosides
glucose, galactose, and N-acetylgalactosamine
118
what is the feature that makes gangliosides unique from the cerebrosides and globosides
they always contain 3 or more sugars and must have N-acetylneuraminic acid attached
119
how many sugars are found on globosides
2-4
120
how many sugars are found on cerebrosides
1
121
where are sphingolipids typically found in a plasma membrane
outer leaf
122
what major hemolytic factor is determined by sphingolipids
blood type
123
where does phospholipid degradation occur
in the lysosome
124
what detrimental activity of sphingolipids may be caused by genetic defects
accumulation
125
how many phospholipases are available to degrade sphingolipids. what are their names
4- A1, A2, C, D
126
what does phospholipase C cleave from the glycerophospholipid
phosphate group and polar head group
127
what does phospholipase D cleave from the glycerophospholipid
just the polar head group
128
where does phospholipase A1 cleave
sn-1
129
where does phospholiapase A2 cleave
sn-2
130
what genetic disorder is exhibited as mental retardation due to a deficiency in sphingomyelinase (causing a an accumulation of sphingomyelin)
Neimann-Pick
131
which two disorders are caused by an accumulation of gangliosides and what are the common symptoms
tay-sachs
sandhoff's
blindness, muscle weakness
132
what are the two disorders caused by accumulation of cerebrosides and what is the major symptom
gaucher's
krabbe
CNS impairment
133
which sugar is associated with gaucher's
glucose
134
which sugar is associated with krabbe
galactose
135
what disorder is caused by an accumulation of ceramides and what is the major symptom
farber
joint deformity
136
what disorder is caused by an accumulation of sphingomyelin and what is the major symptom
Niemann-Pick
neurodegeneration
137
what is the most commonly known sterol
cholesterol
138
what is the classification of cholesterol
steroid alcohol
139
where is cholesterol made
in animal tissues
140
where specifically is it synthesized
in the liver, small intestine and specialized tissue
141
which organ regulates cholesterol
liver
142
what are the major sources of liver cholesterol (3)
dietary cholesterol (chylomicron remnants)
endogenous cholesterol from extrahepatic tissues (HDL)
De novo synthesis in the liver from carbs, lipids and proteins
143
when intake and synthesis are combined, how much cholesterol do we make per day
~1 gram
144
what are three major outcomes for cholesterol (3)
secretion of VLDL
free cholesterol secreted in bile
conversion to bile acids/salts
145
what coenzyme is required for endogenous cholesterol synthesis in the liver and intestines
Acetyl CoA
146
what is the name of the rate limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis
HMG CoA reductase
147
what is cholesterol required for
cell membrane integrity
148
what is cholesterol a precursor for (3)
steroid hormones
bile
vitamin D
149
which component of cholesterol faces the same direction as the polar head group on membrane lipids
hydroxyl group
150
what are the two divisions of steroid hormones
sex hormones and corticosteroids
151
what are the 3 classes of sex hormones
androgens (ie testosterone)
estrogens (ie estradiol)
progestagens (progesterone)
152
what are the two classes of corticosteroids
glucocorticoids
mineralcorticoids
153
what type of enzyme converts cholesterol to bile acids
cytochrome P450
154
what % of bile is efficiently reabsorbed in the ileum
95%
155
what happens to the 5% that is not reabsorbed
it is excreted in the feces
156
how many grams of bile salt to we secrete daily
15-30 grams
157
how much is lost in feces daily
~0.5 grams
158
how much bile is made daily
~0.5 grams
159
what vitamin that requires UVB radiation is a product of 7-dehydrocholesterol
vitamin D
160
why can plant sterols be used as a treatment for hypercholesterolemia
they compete with cholesterol for absorption
161
what are the three main functions of lipids (3 S's)
Storage (80% of adipose)
Structure (5-10% of cell mass)
signaling
162
what are the four major signaling abilities of lipids
hormones - travel in blood to another tissue
intracellular messaging
cofactors for enzymes
pigments for light absorption (IN PLANTS ONLY)
163
what must happen to cholesterol to make it a steroid hormone
it must be oxidized
164
what action of steroid hormones makes them a hormone
they travel through blood to other tissues
165
why can steroid hormones exert an effect at very low doses
they have an extremely high affinity (low Km) for binding receptors
166
once they reach the nucleus what effect do steroid hormones cause
changes in gene expression
167
what makes steroid drugs (like prednisone) anti-inflammatory
they prevent the release of arachidonic acid from the plasma membrane
168
what are the three major intracellular lipid signals
phosphatidyl-inositols
ceramide derivatives
eicosanoids
169
what pathway is phosphatidyl-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate a part of
protein kinase c
170
what is the major function of ceramide derivatives in intracellular signaling
REGULATION of a shitload of activities
171
do eicosanoids travel in the blood
no- they are paracrine hormones that act only on adjacent cells
172
what is an eicosanoid
a 20 carbon hormone-like compound
173
what are the two divisions of eicosanoids
inflammatory and resolution
174
what are the three subclasses of inflammatory eicosanoids
prostaglandins (PG)
Thromboxanes (TX)
Leukotrienes (LT)
175
what are the two subclasses of resolution eicosanoids
Resolvins (Rv)
| Lipoxins (LX)
176
What are the 3 parts of eicosanoid naming
2 letter abbreviation (PG, TX)
3rd letter is order of discovery
subtext number tells us the number of double bonds (2=2, 3=3)
177
what organ were prostaglandins first discovered in
prostate gland
178
what are thromboxanes produced by
platelets called thrombocytes
179
what do thromboxanes stimulate (2)
clot formation (platelet aggregation)
restriction of blood flow to clot site
180
what type of drug inhibits thromboxane synthesis
NSAID
181
what produces leukotrienes
white blood cells (leukocytes)
182
what event, caused in part by leukotrienes, causes very strong smooth muscle contractions
anaphylactic shock
183
what action does cyclooxygenase (COX) have on eicosanoids
removes 2 double bonds
184
what action does lipoxygenase (LOX) have on eiconsanoids
scramble the order and location of the double bonds. Does not change the number of double bonds.
185
what are the products of arachidonic acid after it goes through the COX pathway
2 series prostaglandins and thromboxanes (inflammatory, clotters)
186
what is the product of arachidonic acid after it goes through the LOX pathway
4 series leukotrienes (inflammatory)
187
what is the product of EPA after it goes through the COX pathway
3 series prostaglandins and thromboxanes (little to no effect)
188
what is the product of EPA after it goes through the LOX pathway
5 series leukotrienes (little to no effect)
189
will any given cell produce all the eicosanoids
NO - very selective
190
which pathway does arachidonic acid prefer and why
COX
| the COX way has a lower Km for ARA
191
which pathway does EPA prefer and why
LOX
| the LOX pathways has a lower Km for EPA
192
how many isoforms of cyclooxygenase do mammals have
2
| COX-1 and COX-2
193
what is the function of COX-1
synthesize PG that regulate GASTRIC SECRETIONS
194
what is the function of COX-2
synthesize PG that mediate inflammation, pain and fever
195
which drugs are inhibitors for both COX 1&2
aspirin and ibuprofen
196
what are the side effects of aspirin and ibuprofen
gastric irritation
197
what are some selective COX-2 inhibitors
Celebrex, Vioxx
198
what is the function of lipoxins and resolvins
combat the inflammation caused by the immune response (inflammation caused by fighting pathogens and also at the site of injury)
199
what are lipoxins and resolvins collectively considered
protectins
200
which two fatty acids are essential for the production of protectins
EPA and DHA
201
what are the products of DHA after it has gone through the LOX pathway
D series resolving and D series protectin (both anti-inflammatory)
202
which is more important in regard to cardiovascular disease risk. omega-6 to omega-3 ratio or saturated to unsaturated fatty acid ration
saturated to unsaturated fatty ratio
203
what 4 types of fishes should be avoided in order to prevent mercury accumulation
shark
swordfish
tilefish from the gulf of mexico
king mackerel
204
which dangerous cation of mercury is found in seafood
methyl mercury
205
what antioxidant is decreased by an accumulation of methyl mercury
glutathione
206
which omega-3 fatty acid prevents a decrease in glutathione
DHA
207
what are the 4 fat-soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
208
Which two vitamins are precursors for hormones
A and D
209
what is vitamin A called
retinol
210
what organ is retinol vital to
eyes
211
what is the name of active Vitamin D in the kidneys
calcitriol
212
what is the major function of vitamins E and K
to act as coenzymes for redox reactions
213
what part of the cell is vitamin an important antioxidant for
plasma membrane
214
what is the typical intake of lipids each day
120-150 grams
215
what % of lipids are absorbed
95-100%
216
Is there digestion of triglycerides in the mouth and stomach
minimal
217
what organ is essential for removing long chain FA from triglycerides
pancrease
218
what is the primary function of bile released from the gallbladder
act as an emulsifier
219
where are phospholipids and cholesterol digested
small intestine
220
what is released in the mouth to start lipid digestion
lingual lipase
221
what are the products of lingual lipase digestion and why
diglyceride and FA
it removes the FA from sn-3 on the triglyceride
222
are lipids polar or nonpolar
nonpolar
223
what activity must take place in order for lipids to be digested in the stomach
emulsification
224
what is released from the pancreas in response to CCK
digestive enzymes
225
what is released from the gallbladder in response to CCK
bile
226
what is released from the pancreas in response to secretin
converts ATP to cyclic AMP.[19] Cyclic AMP acts as second messenger in intracellular signal transduction and causes the organ to secrete a bicarbonate-rich fluid that flows into the intestine.
227
where are bile acids made
liver
228
where are bile acids stored
gallbladder
229
what are bile acids made from
cholesterol
230
lipases from which organ digest 80% of triglycerides
pancreas (pancreatic lipases)
231
what are the products of pancreatic lipase digestion
monoglyceride and 2 fatty acids
232
what are the products of phospholipase A2 digestion
fatty acid and lysophospholipid
233
what are the products of esterase digestion
fatty acid and free compounds (cholesterol, vitamin A and vitamin E
234
Do brushborder lipases exist
NO
235
what is formed when lipids coalesce with bile acids
micelles
236
what type of lipid digestion occurs in the large intestine
trick question - none
| and no fermentation of lipids either
237
what form must lipids take in order to be absorbed
micelles
238
what constitutes a micelle (5)
fatty acids
monoglycerides, fat-soluble vitamins
cholesterol
bile salts
239
by what method are micelles absorbed
passive diffusion
240
what parts of the small intestine are micelles absorbed in
the duodenum and jejunum
241
by what process are the parts of the micelle turned into triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol esters in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of enterocytes
reesterfication
242
what are micelles packaged into in Golgi complex
chylomicrons
243
what types of fatty acids are the exception to the rule and how do they get to the liver
short and medium chains pass directly into the portal vein
244
what are causes of lipid malabsorption (3)
impaired digestion or absorption
cystic fibrosis
bile acid insufficiency
245
what are the signs of lipid malabsorption
STEATORRHEA (fatty stools)
246
how do you treat lipid malabsorption (2)
limit fat intake
supplement with pancreatic lipase and/or bile salt
247
what is the name of the special lipid carrier and why is it necessary
lipoprotein
because lipids are hydrophobic
248
what are the three parts of a lipoprotein
phospholipid exterior
lipid core
apoprotein
249
what is the function of the apoprotein
it is the protein portion and binds to receptors
250
what are examples of lipoproteins
chylomicrons
VLDL
LDL
HDL
251
what are dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins transported by
chylomicrons
252
what is the most prevalent component of chylomicrons
triglycerides
253
which system do chylomicrons travel through and what is their final destination
through the lymphatic system and eventually to adipocytes
254
which type of cells express lipoprotein lipase
endothelial cells
255
what activates lipoprotein lipase
apoprotein on chylomicrons and VLDL
256
what is the function of lipoprotein lipase
break down triglycerides into glycerol and fatty acid
257
how long does a chylomicron stay in circulation
~14 hours
258
where is a chylomicron recycled to after it is depleted of triglycerides
the liver
259
what transport molecules carry fat that ends up in the liver
VLDL
260
what do VLDLs have more of then chylomicrons
cholesterol
261
what does VLDL deliver to cells
triglycerides
262
after depleting its triglyceride stores what does a VLDL become
a cholesterol rich LDL
263
what genetic variation causes familial hypercholesterolemia
lack of LDL receptors
264
what happens to LDL (the cholesterol rich remnants of VLDL)
It is internalized by endothelial cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis
265
what form of cholesterol can HDL pick up
free cholesterol (OH group, no ester bond and additional fatty acid)
266
what form of cholesterol can HDL not pick up
cholesterol ester
267
by what means does free cholesterol regulate cellular cholesterol concentrations (3)
with inhibiting rate-limiting enzyme (HMG CoA reductase)
by decreasing the synthesis of LDL receptors
by promoting cholesterol storage as cholesterol ester
268
after HDL picks up free cholesterol from cells where does it take it and what happens to it
back to the liver and converted to bile salt
269
which fatty acids increase LDL
lauric
myristic
palmitic
any trans fats
270
which fatty acids have no effect on LDL
stearic acid
271
which fatty acids decrease LDL
MUFA
| PUFA
