Test 3 Flashcards
(72 cards)
1
Q
What medications cause urination problems
A
- NSAIDS
- Antibiotics
- Diuretics
- Sedative/tranquilizers
2
Q
Dysuria
A
Pain when urinating
3
Q
Oliguria
A
Small amount of urine
4
Q
Anuria
A
No urine
5
Q
Polyuria
A
A lot of urine
6
Q
Enuresis
A
Incontinence
7
Q
Nocturia
A
Urination at night
8
Q
Pyuria
A
Infected urine with pus
9
Q
Urethral orifice
A
External urethra
10
Q
Normal Na levels
A
135-145 meq/L
11
Q
Normal K levels
A
3.5-5.5 meq/L
12
Q
Normal BUN levels
A
5-25 mg/dL
13
Q
Normal creatinine levels
A
0.5-1.5 mg/dL
14
Q
Normal BUN/CREAT ratio
A
10:1-20:1
15
Q
IVP
A
Intravenous pyelogram: Dye in IV goes to kidneys and shows their function
16
Q
Cystoscope
A
Looking in bladder with camera
17
Q
Functional incontinence
A
Due to environmental or physical problems loss of memory or disorientation (most people)
18
Q
Reflex incontinence
A
No sensation for the need to void
19
Q
Overflow incontinence
A
After bladder gets really full and can’t hold anymore small amounts will leak out
20
Q
Moralizing (value transmission)
A
Parents tell kids why something is wrong
21
Q
Laissez-faire (value transmission)
A
Hands-off form of parenting and teaching values
22
Q
Activities when you value something
A
- Choosing (after consideration)
- Prizing (treasure that thing)
- Acting (live life according to it)
23
Q
Altruism
A
Concern for welfare and well-being of others
24
Q
Autonomy
A
Right to self-determination
25
Human dignity
Respect for inherent worth and uniqueness of individuals and populations
26
Integrity
Acting according to code of ethics and standards of practice
27
Social justice
Upholding moral, legal, and humanistic rights
28
Utilitarian theory
The rightness or wrongness of an action depends on the consequences of the action (most right for the most people)
29
Deontologic theory
An action is right or wrong independent of its consequences (right or wrong based on what it is "lying is always wrong")
30
Beauchamp and Childress’s
| Principle-Based Approach to Bioethics
1. Autonomy
2. Nonmaleficence
3. Beneficence
4. Justice
5. Fidelity
6. Veracity, accountability, privacy, confidentiality
31
Nonmaleficence
Avoid causing harm
32
Beneficene
Benefit the patient
33
Fidelity
Keep promises
34
Ethical dilemma
Two (or more) clear moral principles apply but support mutually inconsistent courses of action
35
Ethical distress
Occurs when the nurse knows the right thing to do but either personal or institutional factors make it difficult to follow the correct course of action
36
Teach Acronym
```
T: Tune into the patient
E: Edit pt information
A: Act on every teaching moment
C: Clarify often
H: Honor the pt as partner in the education process
```
37
Differences in teaching for older adults
- Short teaching sessions
- Reduce distractions
- Relate to familiar things
- Prefer group settings
38
S/Sx of dying client
1. Loss of muscle tone
2. Cardiovascular collapse
3. Respiratory changes
4. Changes in LOC
39
Modeling
Dusky spiderweb color of skin that happens before death
40
Dying definitions
1. Heart-lung death
| 2. Cerebral death/higher brain death: Reflexes gone
41
Actual loss
Can be recognized by others
42
Perceived loss
Experienced by one person but not others
43
Anticipatory loss
Loss and grief behaviors experienced before the loss actually occurs
44
Grief
Internal emotional reaction to loss caused by separation or death
45
Dysfunctional grief
Abnormal or distorted; inhibited or unexpressed
46
Kubler-Ross stages of grieving
1. Denial
2. Anger
3. Bargaining
4. Depression
5. Acceptance
47
Engle stages of grieving
1. Shock and disbelief
2. Developing awareness
3. Restitution
4. Resolving the loss
5. Idealization
6. Outcome
48
POLST
Medical order that remains with pt across facilities
49
Reticular activating system (RAS)
Facilitates reflex and voluntary movements
| Controls cortical activities related to state of alertness
50
Bulbar synchronizing region
Releases serotonin from specialized cells in the pons and medulla causing sleep.
51
Hypothalamus
Control center for sleeping and waking
52
Non-rapid eye movement (NREM) four stages
Stage I and II: 5% to %50 of sleep. Light sleep
Stage III and IV: 10% of sleep; deep sleep states (delta sleep). Essential for restoring rest and releasing growth hormones
- Everything slows down and relaxes
53
Raid eye movement (REM)
20%-25% of nights sleep. Occurs every 90 minutes, lasts 5-30 minutes. Dreams take place. Increase in everything (HR, RR, BP)
54
What illnesses are associated with sleep disturbances
1. GERD
2. CAD
3. Epilepsy
4. Liver failure and encephalitis
5. Hypothyroidism
6. End-stage renal disease
55
Medications associated with sleep disturbances
1. Diuretics
2. Anti-parkinsonian
3. Anti-depressant
4. Anti-hypertensives
5. Steroids
6. Caffeine
7. Asthma meds
56
What medications decrease REM sleep
1. Barbiturates
2. Amphetamines
3. Antidepressants
4. Alcohol
57
Classification of sleep disorders
1. Dyssomnias
| 2. Parasomnias
58
Dyssomnias
Characterized by insomnia or excessive sleepiness
59
Parasomnias
Patterns of waking behavior that appear during sleep
60
Types of dyssomnias
1. Insomnia: Inability to sleep
2. Hypersomnia: Sleeping too much
3. Narcolepsy: Falling asleep at random
4. Sleep apnea
5. Restless leg syndrome
6. Sleep deprivation
61
Polysomnography
Sleep study to see how well someone sleeps
62
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)
Used with pt with sleep apnea. Forces air into lungs with positive pressure
63
Types of parasomnias
1. Somnambulism: Sleep walking
2. REM behavior disorder (RBD): Acting out dreams
3. Sleep terrors: Kids screaming
4. Nightmares
5. Bruxism: Grinding teeth
6. Enuresis: Wetting bed
7. Sleep-related eating disorder
64
Nonpharmacologic therapy/Cognitive behavioral therapy
Teaches good habits and muscle relaxation measures to promote better sleep
65
Pharmacologic therapy for sleep
1. Sedatives
| 2. Hypnotics
66
Shift-work disorder
People with abnormal work hours; circadian rhythm disorder
67
Sleep screening tools
1. Epworth Sleepiness scale
2. Pittsburgh sleep quality index (PSQI)
3. Sleep disturbance questionnaire
68
Local adaptation syndrome (LAS)
Involved only one specific body part; small physical stressor to body (prick finger, burn hand)
69
Types of LAS responses
1. Reflex pain response
| 2. Inflammatory response
70
General adaptation syndrome (GAS)
Bigger stimulus causes threat
71
Stages of GAS
1. Alarm reaction (fight or flight)
2. Stage of resistance (coping and defense)
3. Stage of exhaustion (rest or death)
72
Categories of stress
1. Developmental stress: Occurs during growth and development
2. Situational stress: Unpredictable patterns
