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Test 3 Psych > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

Definition of memory

A

The retention of info over time

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2
Q

Process of memory - encoding

A

Attention

Levels of processing

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3
Q

Process of memory - storage

A

Atkinson-shiffrin theory ( sensory, STM, LTM)

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4
Q

Process of memory - retrieval

A

Serial position effect

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5
Q

Encoding

A

The process by which info gets into memory storage

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6
Q

Attention (selective)

A

Attending to certain stimuli while ignoring other stimuli

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7
Q

Divided attention

A

Attending to several stimuli at the same time

Results in the poorest encoding

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8
Q

Sustained attention

A

Ability to maintain attention to a stimulus for a prolonged period of time

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9
Q

Storage (2)

A

How info is retained over time

How info is represented in memory

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10
Q

Storage (3) the Atkinson-shiffrin model of memory storage

A

3 memory storage systems

Sensory memory
Short term memory(STM)
Long term memory (LTM)

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11
Q

Sensory memory

A

Visual sensory memory: iconic memory

Auditory sensory memory: echoing memory

(Very large capacity and very short duration)

About 250 ms for the icon and 1-2 sec. for the echo

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12
Q

Sensory memory

A

Iconic memory: a fleeting sensory memory for visual images that lasts only a fraction of a second

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13
Q

Sensory mem continued

A

Sperling (1960)

Subjects viewed letter array for 1/20 of a second and then recalled letters and could only recall 3-4

When signaled after the presentation to only recall on row, they were able to recall any row

Suggested a large, quick capacity to sensory memory

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14
Q

Short term memory

A

Limited capacity- 7 plus or minus 2 chunks (millers magic number)

Chunk: a meaningful unit

Duration of a 20-30 sec., due to limited capacity &a interference

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15
Q

Long term memory(3)

A

Huge capacity

Potentially long duration ( decades)

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16
Q

Long term memory

(Explicit/ declarative)

A

The types of memory elicited through the conscious retrieval of recollections in response to direct questions

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17
Q

Long term memory

Implicit/ non declarative

A

a non conscious recollection of a prior experience that is revel indirectly, by its effects on performance

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18
Q

Explicit memory

Episodic

A

The retention of personal info about life’s events, autobiographical

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19
Q

Explicit memory

Semantic

A

General knowledge about facts

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20
Q

Implicit memory

Procedural

A

Memory for skills

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21
Q

Implicit (priming)

A

The activation of information that people already have in storage that is below conscious awareness
(Word stem completion)

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22
Q

Retrieval

A

The process by which info that was retained in memory is taken out of storage

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23
Q

Development

A

The pattern of change hat begins at conception and continues through the life cycle

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24
Q

Course Of prenatal development

A

The Germinal period

The embryonic period

The fetal period

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25
Germinal period
Conception to day 14 The creation of the zygote, continues cell division, and attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall
26
Embryonic period
Occurs from 2-8 weeks after conception Major organs develop Most rapid changes occur in this stage
27
The fetal period
Months 2-9 Growth and finishing phase, rapid increase in size
28
Hazards of prenatal development
Teratogens: broad range of substances and conditions that may result in defects of the fetus
29
Which of the following substances has the most devastating effects on a developing fetus?
Cocaine
30
Visual preferences
1963 Robert Fantz discovered that infants look at different things for different lengths of time Preferential looking technique 2 day old infants prefer to look at stimuli that resembles a human face
31
Infant reflexes
``` Sucking Rooting Grasping Stepping Moro (startle reflex) ```
32
Piagets theory of cognitive development
Children actively construct their knowledge of the world through their direct interactions with the physical world
33
Piagets theory | Sensorimotor stage
Infant gets understanding of world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical actions Infant progresses from reflexive, instinctual action at birth to the beginning of symbolic thought toward the end of the stage Key development- object permanence The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight Birth-2yrs
34
Piagets theory | Preoperational stage
Kid begins to represent world with words Words and images reflect increased symbolic thinking and go beyond the connection of sensory info and physical action Egocentrism: can't differentiate own perspective from that of others 2-7 yrs
35
Piagets theory | concrete operational stage
The child can now reason logically about concrete events and classify objects into different sets Classification Conservation 7-11 yrs
36
Piagets theory | formal operational stage
The adolescent reasons in more abstract, idealistic and logical way Hypothetical deductive reasoning 11-adulthood
37
Infant attachment theory
The close emotional bond between and infant and its care giver Typically develops during first year of life May provide important foundation for subsequent development
38
Harry Harlow infant attachment
Infant rhesus monkeys Nourishment vs contact Choose between 2 surrogate moms Cold wire mom vs warm cloth mom Infants chose warm cloth mom even when wire mom was only source of food Contact comfort is critical to attachment
39
Mary ainsworth infant attachment
Strange situation Studied& measured attachment Bx through the strange situation Strange situation: explored how babies use their mothers as a base from which to explore and how they react to brief maternal separations and reunions This 20 min social situation is a very powerful predictor of late behavioral and attachment patterns
40
Ainsworth attachment styles
Securely attached infants (70%) Insecure- avoidant infants (15%) Insecure- resistant infants (15%)
41
Securely attached infants
Use their mothers as a secure base from which to explore When mom leaves room they become visible upset When mom returns and when they are reassured they continue exploration
42
Avoidant infants (insecure)
Remain independent throughout strange situation Rarely reference mom and do not become upset when she leaves
43
Resistant infants (insecure)
Little exploration Clingy and preoccupied with mom Become extremely upset when mom leaves and can't be soothed upon return
44
Eriksons psychosocial development
Proposed 8 stages of psychosocial develop. Positive res. Of each stage results in health psychosocial develop. Resolution of earlier stages are carried into the later stages
45
Childhood
Trust vs mistrust Autonomy vs shame/doubt Initiative vs guilt Industry vs inferiority
46
Adolescence
Identity vs identity confusion
47
Adulthood
Intimacy vs isolation Generativity vs stagnation Integrity vs despair
48
Trust bs mistrust
0- 1 1/2 yrs ``` Trusting infants (positive resolution) Trust develops when basic needs are consistently met ``` ``` Mistrusting infants (negative resolution) Mistrust develops when basic needs are not consistently met ```
49
Autonomy vs shame/doubt
1 1/2-3 Autonomy (positive) Develops when toddlers gains control over whole body Shame/doubt (negative) Develops when toddler can't control body
50
Initiative vs guilt
3-5 yrs Initiative ( positive) Develops when child takes initiative and responsibly, sets goals Guilt (negative)
51
Industry vs inferiority
6- puberty Industry (pos) Develops by mastering knowledge and intellectual skills, build, create, work esp in school setting Inferiority (neg) Develops when child feels that they cont do what other kids are doing, feeling of inadequacy
52
Identify formation vs confusion
Adolescence ``` Identity formation (pos) Develops by figuring out who you are and where you are going in life ``` ``` Identity confusion (neg) Develops when we don't select an identity ```
53
Eriksons identity formation
Most well know and accepted of eriksons stages In order to achieve identity, repudiation of choices is necessary ( psychosocial moratorium)
54
Psychosocial moratorium
Moratorium of youth: a time out period during adolescence in which we can experiment with several different identities without having to assume responsibility for the consequences of anyone (repudiation)
55
Intimacy vs isolation
Early adulthood Intimacy (pos) Develops by forming strong emotional, physical, and intellectual relationships with others Isolation( neg) Becoming socially isolated, fear of relationships
56
Generativity vs stagnation
Middle adulthood Generativity (pos) Feeling that you are making contributions to next generations (fam, work, community, society) Stagnation (neg) Feeling that you are giving nothing to previous generations
57
Ego integrity vs despair
Late adulthood ``` Ego integrity (pos) Feeling satisfied with your life's accomplishments and the decisions you've made ``` ``` Ego despair (neg) Marked by regret and the feeling that bad choices were made along the way ```
58
Emotions
Affect Feeling emotion Body Physiological reaction Cognition appraisal
59
James Lange theory of emotion
B➡️a Physiological arousal occurs before emotion Subjective emotion results from perception of boldly reactions "I feel sad cuz I'm crying"
60
The cannon bard theory of emotion
The stimulus causes the arousal and emotion simultaneously
61
The singer- schacter two factor theory of emotion
B&c➡️a Bodily changes and a cognitive label are needed to completely experience and emotion To experience and emotion one must be physically aroused ( body) and cognitively label that arousal through environmental cues
62
The schacter- singer expiriment (1962)
Participants were given an injection of adrenaline and were then placed in a waiting room with either angry person or happy person Subjects seemed to be most angry when placed in an angry setting similar findings for euphoria Dutton &a Aron (1974)
63
The Lazarus theory of emotion
The cognitive appraisal occurs first and then leads the the emotional response (A) and physiological arousal simultaneously (B)
64
Facial feedback hypothesis
Movements of the face muscles produce or intensify emotional reactions Expressions trigger emotional experiences
65
Facial feedback hypothesis
According to it feedback from the face muscles to the brain plays a key role in determining the nature and intensity of emotions that we experience
66
Emotions and the brain
Fear area of brain ➡️ amygdala Sensory info is sent (via thalamus) to the amygdala ➡️ activates sympathetic response system Then info is sent onto the cortex for interpretation

Test 3 Psych (1 decks)

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