Test #3 Flashcards
1
Q
oxytocin
A
- hypothalamus and posterior pituitary
- mammary glands, uterine muscles
- childbirth and lactation
2
Q
ADH
A
- posterior pituitary
- kidney tubules
- an increase in blood osmolarity
3
Q
FSH and LH
A
- anterior pituitary
- testes and ovaries
- causes egg to grow, raises estrogen, triggers ovulation
- trophic effects
4
Q
TSH
A
- anterior pituitary
- thyroid
- metabolism in almost every tissue
- trophic effects
5
Q
ACTH
A
- anterior pituitary
- adrenal cortex
- metabolizes fats and carbohydrates
- trophic effects
6
Q
prolactin
A
- anterior pituitary
- mammary glands
- secretion of milk
- nontropic effects
7
Q
MSH
A
- anterior pituitary
- melanocytes, regulates skin color
- increased production of melanin
- nontropic effects
8
Q
GH
A
- anterior pituitary
- need for growth, cell regeneration
9
Q
thyroxine (T4)
A
- thyroid
- regulates body’s metabolic rate, heart and digestive functions, muscle control, and brain development
- stimulates growth of TSH
10
Q
triiodothyronine (T3)
A
- thyroid
- binds to protein, regulates body temperature, metabolism, and heart rate
- stimulates growth of TSH
11
Q
PTH
A
- parathyroid glands
- regulates calcium levels
- when calcium in blood is too low
12
Q
insulin
A
- pancreas
- regulates how the body stores and uses glucose and fat
- lowers glucose levels
13
Q
glucagon
A
- pancreas
- prevents blood glucose levels from dropping too low
- raises blood glucose levels
14
Q
epinephrine and norepinephrine
A
- adrenal medulla
- adrenaline, response to stress and controls blood pressure
- food, sex, or survival
15
Q
aldosterone
A
- adrenal cortex
- aid in conservation of sodium, secretion of potassium, water retention, and stabilizes blood pressure
- when sodium levels are too high in urine, sweat, and stomach
16
Q
cortisol
A
- adrenal cortex
- control blood sugar levels, regulate metabolism, helps reduce inflammation, and assist in memory formulation
- stress, low blood glucose levels
17
Q
testosterone
A
- testes
- stimulates production
- low levels
18
Q
progesterone
A
- ovaries
- regulates condition of the endometrium of the uterus
- prepares body for a pregnancy
19
Q
estrogen
A
- ovaries
- development of breasts, endometrium, and regulation of menstrual cycle
- egg has been released
20
Q
melatonin
A
- pineal gland
- maintains body’s circadian rhythm
- darkness
21
Q
Endocrine System
A
- control and coordination
- 5 to 6 minutes
- glands and hormones
- bloodstream, everywhere in the body
- takes and lasts longer
- growth and development
- emotions
- chemical
- still specific=receptor to receive hormone
22
Q
Nervous System
A
- control and coordination
- less than a second
- short pulses, signals fast
- reactionary
- electrical and short distance chemical
- short-term
- muscle contractions, controls endocrine system
23
Q
Endocrine Signaling
A
release of hormones that act on distinct target cells, travels in blood, but receptor not in the blood outside of cell
24
Q
Paracrine Signaling
A
cell-to-cell, vesicles break through the cell and act on nearby target cells
25
Autocrine Signaling
releases hormone that binds to itself
26
Synaptic Signaling
cell-to-cell with synapse, junction between neuron and target
27
Neuroendocrine Signaling
receives signal from neuron and releases a hormone
28
Pheromones
can signal others, usually by smell
29
Hormones
- steroids=built with lipids, non water soluble
- polypeptide=many amino acids
- amine=one amino acid
30
Water Soluble Hormones
- amine and polypeptides
- vesicles to move out of cell (exocytosis)
- target cell with receptor on outside
- message transduction, chances inside of receptor (2nd message)
- short half-life
31
Water Insoluble Hormones
- diffuses out of cell
- carrier proteins, delivers hormone through bloodstream
- receptor on inside of cell, usually goes to nucleus, controls production of proteins (start or stop)
- transcription factor-can start or stop transcription by the production of proteins
- long half-life
32
kinase
enzyme, adds phosphate groups to something else (gets turned on by a receptor), inactive but already in the cell
33
Signal Transduction
- exocytosis->receptor->protein->kinase
- turned on by additional phosphate group
- type of receptor>what hormone it is
34
Regulatory Pathways
- negative feedback is more common
- control feedback=state of homeostasis using positive and negative feedback
- negative=stimulus then response are opposite
- positive=reinforces stimulus
35
Hypothalamus
- produces hormones that affect both lines of the pituitary
- releases and inhibiting hormones
- oxytocin and DH
- tells pituitary to release certain hormones
- located in the brain and is connected to the pituitary gland
36
Pituitary
- controlled by hypothalamus, also releases oxytocin
| - split into two lobes; anterior and posterior
37
Releasing Hormones
- produced by hypothalamus
- carried to anterior pituitary
- accelerates secretion of a given hormone
38
Inhibiting Hormones
produced by hypothalamus that restricts the secretion of a given hormone
39
Trophic Hormones
controls the release of other hormones from other gladns
40
Hormone Cascade Pathway-Drop in Body Temperature
1. sense blood temperature has changed
2. cold blood hits hypothalamus and releases TRH to the anterior pituitary gland
3. anterior pituitary releases a trophic hormone into the bloodstream and finds its way to the thyroid
- thyroid hormones are lipid soluble
- can go straight to nucleus to control transcription and enzyme production
4. tells nucleus to burn glucose to produce ATP
5. creates more waste heat
6. negative feedback is used to turn pathway off
41
fission
splitting into two or more parts, asexual
42
budding
act of developing buds, asexual
43
regeneration/fragmentation
process of renewal, asexual
44
parthenogensis
laying eggs, asexual
