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Tissue Engineering 1 > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the Skeletal System

A

1) Support
2) Mineral storage (Ca2+) and homeostasis
3) Storage of lipids (yellow marrow)
4) Blood cell production (red marrow)
5) Protection of internal organs
6) Leverage & muscle attachment site

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2
Q

Matrix Minerals

A

2/3 of bone matrix is calcium phosphate, which reacts with calcium hydroxide to form crystals of hydroxyapatite

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3
Q

Matrix Proteins

A

1/3 of bone matrix is collagen, giving bone great tensile strength

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4
Q

Osteogenic (Osteoprogenitor)

A

Undifferentiated cells that divide % develop into osteoblasts, found in the inner layer of periosteum & endosteum

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5
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Bone-building cells, form matrix & collagen fibers but do not divide

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6
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone cells, main cells of bone tissue that no longer secrete matrix

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7
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Huge cells originating from fused monocytes, resorb bone tissue

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8
Q

Spongy Bone

A
  • Found in short, flat, irregular bones and epiphyses of long bones
  • Does not have osteons
  • matrix forms an open network of trabeculae that is filled with red marrow
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9
Q

Intramembranous Ossification

A
  • Occurs in dermis, produces dermal bones
  • Connective tissue are replaced by bone

1) Development of ossification center
2) Calcification
3) Formation of trabeculae
4) Development of periosteum

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10
Q

Flat bones

A

Example: parietal bone of the skull

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11
Q

Endochondral Ossification

A

Ossifies bones that originate as hyaline cartilage (most bones), comes in 6 steps.

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12
Q

6 Steps of Endochondral Ossification

A

1) Development of cartilage model
2) Growth of Cartilage Model (interstitial growth: lengths, appositional growth: in width)
3) Development of Primary Ossification Center (nutrient artery penetrates into center of model)
4) Development of Medullary Cavity
5) Development of Secondary Ossification center
6) Formation of articular cartilage & epiphyseal plate

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13
Q

4 Zones of Epiphyseal Plate

A

1) Zone of Resting Cartilage
2) Zone of Proliferating Cartilage
3) Zone of hypertrophic cartillage
4) Zone of calcified cartilage

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14
Q

Calcitriol

A
  • Synthesis requires Vitamin D

- Promotes calcium absorption

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15
Q

Vitamin C

A

Required for collagen synthesis, and stimulates osteoblast differentiation

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16
Q

Vitamin A

A

Stimulates osteoblast activity

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17
Q

Vitamins K and B

A

Help synthesize collagen

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18
Q

4 steps of fracture repair

A

1) Blood clot
2) Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
3) Bony callus formation
4) Bone remodeling

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19
Q

Rickets

A
  • Vitamin D deficiency
  • Ca2+ not deposited correctly
  • Softens bones of growing children
  • Results in bowed legs, skull, rib cage and pelvic deformities
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20
Q

Osteomalacia

A
  • New adult bone produced during remodeling fails to ossify

- Hip fractures are common

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21
Q

Scurvy

A

Vitamin C defeciency

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22
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

A
  • Brittle bone disease
  • Born with defective connective tissue / lack of ability to make Type I collagen
  • Prone to fracture
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23
Q

Osteopenia

A

General term for reduced bone mass, bones become thinner and weaker with age

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24
Q

Cancer and Bone Loss

A

Cancerous tissues release osteoclast activating factor, that stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone

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25
Q

Bone Grafting

A
  • 2n most common graft, after skin graft

- to fill cavities, segmental defects, spinal fusions, bridge joints, non-union fractures, etc.

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26
Q

Effective Bone Grafts

A

Osteoconductive matrix, osteogenic cells, osteoinductive proteins

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27
Q

Osteoconduction

A

Grafting material serves as porous scaffold for new bone growth, allowing osteoblasts to spread and generate new tissue. Provides matrix for bone growth.

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28
Q

Osteoinduction

A

Stimulation of mesenchymal stem cells/osteoprogenitor cells to differentiate into osteo

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29
Q

Osteogenesis

A

Occurs when transplated osteoblasts/periosteal cells directly product bone

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30
Q

Autografts Advantages

A
  • Contains all properties naturally

- No immune reaction, hosts rejection, disease transmission

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31
Q

Autografts Disadvantages

A
  • Requires additional surgery to acquire grafting material
  • very limited quantity
  • Chronic pain
  • Cosmetic
  • Quality not constant
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32
Q

Autogenous Bone Grafts: Cancellous

A

Osteoconductive: 3D scaffold
Osteogenic: osteocytes and stem cells
Osteoinductive: small quantity of growth factors

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33
Q

Autogenous Bone Grafts: Cancellous Uses and Location

A

Uses: Bone loss, fractures, hip/knee arthroplasty
Location: Iliac crest

34
Q

Autogenous Bone Grafts: Cortical

A

Less biologically active than cancellous bone, longer time to heal

Location: iliac crest

35
Q

Autogenous Bone Grafts: Aspirate

A

Osteogenic: MSCs (osteoprogenitor cells)
Osteoinduction: growth factors

36
Q

5 Major Bone graft substitute categories

A

1) Allograft based
2) Factor based
3 Cell based
4) Ceramic based
5) Polymer based

37
Q

8 Cell Sources in Bone Tissue Engineering

A

1) Bone marrow stem cells
2) Trabecular bone
3) Amniotic Fluid
4) Umbilical cord stem cells
5) Periosteal cells
6) Dental pulp
7) Periodontal ligament cells
8) Adipose derived stemm cells

38
Q

Factor-based

A

-Factors responsible for differentiation of progenitor cells and regulation of activities

IGF and TGF-B: modulate synthesis of cartilage matrix
bFGF: stimulates differentiation of chondrocytes
BMP: involved in bone and cartilage development

39
Q

Allograft advantages

A
  • Increased donor screening, tissue processing, safety
  • Eliminates the morbidity of patient’s donor site
  • Helps solve supply issues
40
Q

Allograft disadvantages

A
  • Inferior to autograftt
  • Immune reactions
  • Greater risk of infection
  • Disease transmission
  • Reduced mechanical property
  • Cost
  • Reduction in osteogenic and osteoinductive properties
41
Q

Fresh Bone Allograft

A
  • Antigenic
  • limited time to test for immunogenicity or diseases
  • Use limited to joint replacement using shape matched osteochondral allografts
42
Q

Fresh Frozen Bone Allograft

A
  • Less antigenic
  • Time to test for diseases
  • FDA regulated
  • retain BMP, strong, better incorporation
43
Q

Freeze Dried Bone Allograft

A
  • Even less antigenic
  • Time to test for disease
  • FDA regulated
  • can be stored for long time
  • no BMP, bad osteoconductive
44
Q

Advantages of Demineralized bone Matrix

A
  • Osteoinductive

- Revascularizes quickly

45
Q

Disadvantages of Demineralized bone Matrix

A
  • More as bone graft extender, not substitute
  • Difficult in handling
  • Tendency to migrate from graft site
  • Transmit disease
  • Donor variability
46
Q

Xenograft

A
  • Impractical for clinical use on a wide scale
  • Removal of protein and fat - processing
  • Removes osteoinductive proteins
47
Q

Polymer Classsification

A

Can either be Natural/Synthetic, or Biodegradable/Non-Biodegradable

48
Q

PGA/PLA Collagen

A
  • Animal-derived
  • Putty-like consistency
  • Used w/ MSCs and HA
  • function as Bone graft extenders
49
Q

Calcium Phosphate

A
  • injectable ceramic paste
  • very high compressive strength once hardens
  • Uses: middle ear implant, dental implants, bioactive ceramic composite
50
Q

Advantages of Injectable Calcium Phosphate Cement

A
  • Biodegradable/Biocompatible
  • Non-immunogenic
  • Limitless supply
  • Can be used to fill large fractures
51
Q

Disadvantages of Injectable Calcium Phosphate Cement

A

Not much osteogenic or osteoinductive property without added growth factors

52
Q

How does Injectable Calcium Phosphate Cement work?

A
  • Paste dries and provides mechanical strength comparable to normal bone grafting
  • Provides a porous scaffold that resorbs overtime
  • Osteoclasts begin recycling the material at the junction between bone and cement almost immediately
53
Q

Calcium Sulfate

A
  • Osteoconductive void filler
  • No structural strength
  • Rapidly resorbs
  • May be used as an autogenous graft extender
54
Q

Hydroxyapatite

A
  • Synthetic or Animal
  • Produced from marine coral exoskeleton
  • Interconnected porous structure closely resembles the porosity of human cancellous bone
  • ProOsteon 500/R
55
Q

TCP

A
  • Tricalcium Phosphate
  • Wet compressive strength slightly less than cancellous bone
  • Porous nature
  • Partial resorption
56
Q

Composite Grafts

A

Any combination of materials that include both an osteoconductive matrix and an osteogenic or osteoinductive material.

57
Q

Functional Classification of Joints

A

1) Synarthrosis - immovable
2) Amphiarthrosis - slightly movable
3) Diarthrosis - freely movable

58
Q

Syndesmosis

A

-Fibrous Joint

  • bound by interosseous membrane/ligament
  • ampiarthrotic
  • ex: between tibia &fibula, tibiofibular articulation
59
Q

Suture

A

-Fibrous Joint

  • flat bones united by sutural ligament
  • synarthrotic
  • ex: between skull plates
60
Q

Gomphosis

A

-Fibrous Joint

  • cone-shaped process surrounded by periodontal ligament
  • synarthrotic
  • ex: root of tooth
61
Q

Synchondrosis

A

-Cartilaginous Joint

  • bones united by bands of hyaline cartilage
  • synarthrotic
  • ex: between the first rib & manubrium
62
Q

Symphysis

A

-Cartilaginous Joint

  • articular surfaces covered by hyaline cartilage and bones connected by pad of fibrocartilage
  • amphiarthrotic
  • ex: joints between bodies of vertebrae, pubic symphysis
63
Q

Fibrous Joints

A
  • Lack cartilage and synovial cavity

- Bones held together closely together by short dense irregular CT

64
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  • No joint cavity

- Provide little to no movement

65
Q

Synovial joints

A
  • More complex, often diarthrotic
  • Ligaments hold bones together to form synovial cavity
  • A two layered capsule encloses the synovial cavity
66
Q

Joint capsule

A
  • Dense Irregular CT
  • Lined by synovial membrane
  • Encompass joint cavity and synovial fluid
67
Q

Synovial Fluid

A
  • Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid
  • Contains slippery proteoglycans secreted by fibroblasts
  • Functions: lubrication, shock absorption, nutrient distribution, supplies O2 and nutrients to cartilage
68
Q

Ligaments

A

Bands of dense regular CT that join one bone to another bone

69
Q

Bursae

A
  • Flattened fibrous sacs line with synovial membranes and fluid
  • Strategically placed to minimize friction in joints
70
Q

Tendon sheath

A

Elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon

71
Q

Menisci

A

Pads of dense fibrocartilage that provide superior strength and allows bones of different shapes to fit together more tightly

72
Q

Ball-and-socket

A

-Synovial Joint

  • ball-shape head articulates with cup-shaped socket
  • multiaxial (including rotation)
  • ex: shoulder, hip
73
Q

Condylar

A

-Synovial Joint

  • oval-shape condyle articulates with elliptical cavity
  • biaxial (no rotation)
  • ex: joints between metacarpals and phalanges
74
Q

Plane

A

-Synovial Joint

  • nearly flat or slightly curved articulating surfaces
  • nonaxial (sliding/twisting only)
  • ex: joints between various bones of wrist and ankle
75
Q

Hinge

A

-Synovial Joint

  • convex surface articulates with concave surface
  • uniaxial (flexion/extension)
  • ex: elbow and joints of phalanges
76
Q

Pivot

A

-Synovial Joint

  • cylindrical surface articulates with ring of bone and ligament
  • uniaxial (only rotation)
  • ex: joint between proximal ends of radius and ulna
77
Q

Saddle

A

-Synovial Joint

  • both concave and convex regions fits complementary surface of other bone
  • biaxial
  • ex: joint between carpal and metacarpal of thumb
78
Q

Current Engineered Joints

A

Replacement of whole degenerated joint with inert implants, excellent outcome

79
Q

Engineered Joints: Cells

A
  • Chondrocytes from hyaline cartilage
  • MSCs
  • ASCs
80
Q

Engineered Joints: Biomaterials

A

Hydrogels as cell carriers for minimal invasive surgeries

  • Natural: collagen
  • Synthetic: PEG

Solid polymers designed for optimal mechanical stability
-PLA, PGA, PLGA

81
Q

Engineered Joints: Factors

A

TGF-beta

82
Q

Engineered Joints: Biomechanical

A

Mechanical loading may increase extracellular matrix synthesis during cartilage engineering

Tissue Engineering 1 (4 decks)

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