Test 3

Question 1

development

Answer 1

patterns of continuity and change in human capabilities that occur through course of life

Question 2

issues in development

Answer 2

nature v nurture

stage-like or continuous

Question 3

research methods

Answer 3

cross-sectional

longitudinal

Question 4

different age groups tested at one time

advantages: quick & not likely to lose participants
disadvantages: groups are not the same

Answer 4

cross-sectional studies

Question 5

same group tested at different times
advantages : group is made up same individuals
disadvantages: lose of participants, slow, expensive

Answer 5

longitudinal studies

Question 6

cognitive development pioneers

Answer 6

jean Piaget

lev vygotsky

Question 7

cognitive abilities develop in 4 stages :

Answer 7

sensorimotor
pre-operational
concrete operations
formal operations

Question 8

birth - age 2
coordinating sensory experience w/ motor actions
“senses create desire to move?

Answer 8

sensorimotor stage

Question 9

age 2 - 7 
"magical thinking" 
object permanence developed 
still egocentric 
fears can develop here

Answer 9

pre-operational stage

Question 10

age 7 - 11
ability to classify things into different sets
tied to reasoning about concrete objects
“world of black & white thinking”

Answer 10

concrete operational stage

Question 11

age 11-15
thinking about things that are not concrete
“abstract thinking” “gray thinking”

Answer 11

formal operational stage

Question 12

Evaluation of what theory?
underestimates infants
overestimates adolescents/adults

Answer 12

Piaget’s Theory

Question 13

what is role of play and who emphasized”F?

Answer 13

evidence for advanced condition and understanding of peoples’ feelings/beliefs
Vygotsky

Question 14

what does modern view of cognitive development emphasize?

Answer 14

continuous development

remembering and problem solving develops

Question 15

strategies for remembering/problem solving

Answer 15

rehearsing
categorizing
analogies

Question 16

What theory?
life-span development
8 stages represent developmental tasks to master
2 possible outcomes: greater personal competence or greater weakness/vulnerability

Answer 16

Erikson’s Theory

Question 17

Trust v. Mistrust

Answer 17

first 18 months

getting needs met

Question 18

1.5-3 yrs
sense of independence
horizontal –> vertical

Answer 18

autonomy v shame & doubt

Question 19

3-5 yrs
assuming more responsibility for self
want to feel that they can do things

Answer 19

initiative v guilt

Question 20

6 yrs - puberty
mastering knowledge and intellectual skill
ability to do things/follow rules

Answer 20

industry v inferiority

Question 21

adolescent

questions what matters & where they fit in

Answer 21

identity v identity conclusion (5th stage)

Question 22

early adulthood

forming healthy/ & intimate relationships

Answer 22

intimacy v isolation

Question 23

middle adulthood
helping younger generations develop useful lives
give back

Answer 23

generativity v stagnation

Question 24

late adulthood
looks back & evaluates own life
try to find peace with where they are at in life

Answer 24

ego integrity v despair

Question 25

Kohlberg's Moral Development (3)

Answer 25

Preconventional Conventional Postconventional

Question 26

preconventional level (Kohlberg)

Answer 26

punishments or rewards from external world | all about reinforcement

Question 27

conventional level (Kohlberg)

Answer 27

abiding y parental or societal standards based on rules right/wrong

Question 28

post conventional level (Kohlberg)

Answer 28

developing personal moral code reflecting abstract principles thinkgisnhow certain actions impact a large group of people ex - hinds exp

Question 29

critiques of Kohlberg's Levels

Answer 29

culture-specific gender specific reasoning v behavior

Question 30

developmental period of transition from childhood to adulthood age 10-12 yrs to age 18-21 yrs

Answer 30

adolescences

Question 31

what part of the brain is associated with risk taking

Answer 31

cerebellum/ frontal cortex

Question 32

(18-25 yrs) transitional period from adolescence to adulthood identity exploration, instability, feeling "in between", self-focus, age of possibilities

Answer 32

emerging adulthood

Question 33

What are cognitive changes in adulthood?

Answer 33

thinking is more flexible and practical vocabulary/ verbal memory increases through 60s reasoning/ spatial memory fall off after 40s

Question 34

an individuals unique patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that persists over time and across situations

Answer 34

what is personality?

Question 35

4 classes of personality theories

Answer 35

psychodynamic humanistic trait cognitive-social learning

Question 36

personality is the result of unconscious motivations and conflicts

Answer 36

psychodynamic theories (sigmund freud)

Question 37

id, ego, and superego are part of what

Answer 37

freud's structure of personality

Question 38

collection of unconscious urges & desires to seek satisfaction, joy, happiness purest biological urge functions entirely in unconscious deep/underlying

Answer 38

id

Question 39

part of the personality that mediates between demands of reality and mediation between 2 conflicting forces "who you are"

Answer 39

ego

Question 40

something your parent taught you - social & parental standards an individual has internalized - moral framework strives toward perfection(which is unrealistic)

Answer 40

superego

Question 41

libido

Answer 41

a form of psychic energy; the energy generated by sexual drive

Question 42

pleasure principle

Answer 42

the way id seeks immediate gratification of an instinct

Question 43

reality principle

Answer 43

the way in which the ego seeks to satisfy instinctual demands safely and effectively in the real world

Question 44

What are these things considered? | repression, sublimation, fantasy, rationalization, projection, displacement, regression, reaction formation

Answer 44

the (ego) defense mechanisms

Question 45

any personality theory that asserts the fundamental goodness of people and their striving toward higher levels of functioning is a

Answer 45

humanistic personality theory

Question 46

what theory focuses on describing one's current personalty(less emphasis on how the personality develops)

Answer 46

trait theories

Question 47

personality traits are

Answer 47

dimensions or characteristics on which people differ in distinctive ways

Question 48

What are the "big 5" dimensions of personality

Answer 48

``` extroversion agreeableness conscientiousness/dependability emotional stability culture/intellect/openness ```

Question 49

what defense mechanism is? simplest - you don't let what's there affect you you honestly just don't think about it

Answer 49

repression

Question 50

``` what defense mechanism: transfer what you want to something else "face of reality" assumed position accept something else that what we want ```

Answer 50

sublimation

Question 51

what defense mechanism: makes you think about something else takes you out of pressure could result illness/schizophrenia daydream

Answer 51

fantasy

Question 52

``` what defense mechanism: make up shit to explain yourself problem solving lying to yourself ex) everyone else does it ```

Answer 52

rationalization

Question 53

what defense mechanism: is most studied project onto others your own feelings used most when you really feel guilty

Answer 53

projection

Question 54

what defense mechanism: physically take out guilt hitting a table when see bad grades

Answer 54

displacement

Question 55

what defense mechanism: resort to earlier modes of behavior to where things are less hard

Answer 55

regression

Question 56

what defense mechanism: take on the opposite have drive that bugs you bc you can't do it

Answer 56

reaction formation

Question 57

name 2 objective tests

Answer 57

16PF & MMPI

Question 58

what is the 16PF

Answer 58

16 personality factor questionnaire | a personality test created by Cattle that provides scores on the 16 traits he identified

Question 59

what is the MMPI

Answer 59

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory | most widely used objective personality test, originally intended for psychiatric diagnosis

Question 60

Projective Tests

Answer 60

Thematic Appreception Test (TAT) | Rorschach

Question 61

What is stress?

Answer 61

the way our bodies and mind react to something which upsets our normal balance in life

Question 62

eustress

Answer 62

good stress

Question 63

daily hassles are what

Answer 63

bad stress

Question 64

what are some sources of stress

Answer 64

change everyday hassles discrimination/racism

Question 65

why are daily hassles worse for your health?

Answer 65

they accumulate, are constantly wearing

Question 66

what metaphor did dr. o'really use for self imposed stress

Answer 66

the weight metaphor

Question 67

what are changes in the body that stress access

Answer 67

brain/body | size, structure, function

Question 68

how does locus of control affect stress

Answer 68

can help or exacerbate/speed up how we react to stress

Question 69

what is a chemical that is released that can affect a overly stressed brain

Answer 69

cortisol

Question 70

what do stress, type A personality and CHD have in common

Answer 70

a type a personality has a higher level to stress which can lead to a higher possibility of coronary heart disease

Question 71

how do our bodies respond to stress

Answer 71

general adaptation syndrome

Question 72

what are the 3 stages of general adaptation syndrome

Answer 72

1. alarm 2. resistance 3. exhaustion

Question 73

what stage of GAS? | fight or flight

Answer 73

s1 : alarm

Question 74

what stage of GAS? tend to try to fend off but may begin to feel "normal" tiredness, stress headaches, since stress doesn't go away we get used to it

Answer 74

S2 : resistance

Question 75

what stage of GAS? body is depleted and no longer can fight physically and emotionally sick/hospitalized a psychological or physical disorder can develop

Answer 75

S3 : exhaustion

Question 76

what have these things been linked to: | reduced immune system functioning, susceptibility to influenza/colds, CHD, more rapid growth of tumors

Answer 76

stress and the immune system

Question 77

what are the college sources of stress (7)

Answer 77

``` money sleep work roommates grades relationships family ```

Question 78

what are the 3 coping strategies

Answer 78

focused or direct (confrontation/withdraw) emotional (defense mechanisms) cognitive (slowing down to examine thoughts)

Question 79

intellectualization

Answer 79

looking at problem very logically | a defense mechanism

Question 80

what model for stress appraisal does this fall under: 1. stressor experienced 2. cognitive interpretation 3. distinguish relevance 4. determines how to cope 5. cognitive reappraisal

Answer 80

cognitive appraisal of stress | the transactional model

Question 81

what is insanity

Answer 81

a legal term to define whether a person is mental and emotionally equip to stand trial &/or know the gravity of their actions

Question 82

how do we explain the disorder (mental health)

Answer 82

biopsychosocial biological psychoanalytic cognitive-behavioral

Question 83

what is the most common diagnosis given by a counselor

Answer 83

adjustment

Question 84

what does DSM5 stand for

Answer 84

diagnostic statistical manual | the disorders and diagnosis change over time due to the times

Question 85

what is considered abnormal behavior?

Answer 85

a behavior that falls outside expected norm in a culture and distress is caused

Question 86

what word does dr. o'rielly emphasize with mental health?

Answer 86

distress

Question 87

what are the 5 most prevalent issues many college students face?

Answer 87

``` depression anxiety suicide eating disorders addiction every one of these will fall on a continuum ```