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Psyc of Women > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Role Overload

A

role demands that exceed one’s available time and/or energy

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2
Q

Interrole Conflict

A

Incompatible demands stemming from two or more roles

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3
Q

Scarcity hypothesis

A

Excessive role responsibilities deplete the individual’s limited supply of time and energy, which can lead to stress

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4
Q

Who experiences role strain?

A

Those with children experience the greatest strain

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5
Q

Work interfering with family

A
  • Number of hours
  • long commutes
  • workload
  • level of importance in job
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6
Q

Family interfering with work

A
  • marital status
  • Number of children
  • Level of importance of family roles
  • lack of family support
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7
Q

Family-work coordination benefits

A
  • higher self-esteem
  • better physical health
  • greater respect from others
  • greater economic security
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8
Q

Enhancement hypothesis

A

each additional role provides a new source of self-esteem, social approval, social status, and other benefits

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9
Q

Buffering

A

When you had a bad day and your kid is extra loving (negative buffered by the positive)

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10
Q

Effects of mothers’ employment on children

A
  • quality of childcare
  • mothers seen as more competent when employed
  • maternal employment and non-maternal care are not harmful
  • effects on emotion and behavior
  • effects on gender-role attitudes
  • effects on cognitive development (more social)
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11
Q

Is employment of women related to divorces of unhappy marriages?

A

Yes

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12
Q

What percentage of marriages end in divorce in the US?

A

40% to 50%

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13
Q

How much more likely are women to live in poverty after divorce than men?

A

2x

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14
Q

What are the essential differences perspective in gender comparisons?

A
  • Genetic
  • Hormonal
  • Brain structure
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15
Q

What are the social constructionist perspective in gender comparisons?

A
  • social roles: men are providers; women, nurturers
  • Social settings: particularly important when investigating personality and social constructs
  • Status and power: people with power are given certain privileges
  • Media Messages: women are used in more condescending ways
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16
Q

When are gender differences usually largest?

A

When other people are present

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17
Q

What were the results of the Visual-spatial ability test?

A

Men scored significantly higher than women

- brain imaging revealed that men process information differently

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18
Q

Aggression

A

Behavior that is intended to hurt someone, either physically or verbally
- influenced by biology and environment

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19
Q

What gender displays higher levels of aggression?

A

boys

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20
Q

What gender displays higher level of relational desires?

A

girls

- linked to the need to be popular

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21
Q

What percent of men commit violent crimes? Why?

A
  • 73%

- Y chromosomes, age and testosterone

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22
Q

Operational definitions:

A

how we define aggression impacts findings in gender differences
- ex: workplace bullying vs violence

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23
Q

Prosocial behavior

A

voluntary behavior intended to benefit someone else

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24
Q

influenceability

A
  • being easily influenced or not

- females are typically influenced easier than males

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25
Q

Emotionality

A

a measure of a persons emotional reaction to stimulus

- females are generally more emotional than males due to social beliefs

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26
Q

Narcissism

A

A need for admiration and a relative lack of empathy. Linked to both negative and positive outcomes

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27
Q

Moral Reasoning

A

The process in which people try to determine what is right or wrong

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28
Q

What is the stereotype and research on talkativeness?

A

Stereotype: women talk more than men
Research: men talk more than women, speak more frequently and speak for longer

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29
Q

Affiliative interruption

A

show interest and affirm what the other is saying

- greater in females than males

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30
Q

Intrusive Interruption

A

To usurp the floor and control the conversation

- greater in males than females

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31
Q

What is the style of female speech?

A

More emotional, polite, soothing, indirect, tentative

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32
Q

What is the style of male speech?

A

more direct, goal-oriented, abrupt

- use I more often

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33
Q

What comprises the history of gender differences in intelligence?

A
  • brain size
  • differences in specific regions
  • physically abilities
  • mental testing
  • belief in innate differences
34
Q

Is there a gender difference in cognitive tasks?

A

no

35
Q

Is there a gender difference in intelligence and creativity?

A

No

36
Q

What are the language skill differences in gender?

A
  • girls are more vocal and verbally skilled

- appears early in childhood

37
Q

What happens when girls start school compared to boys?

A
  • girls begin performing on bar with boys
  • by adolescence girls start to slip and continue to slide down
  • by college women do not go into majors that have technical and quantitative skills
38
Q

What did women do in the Colonial era for work?

A
  • seamstress
  • boarding house mistress
  • a few were doctors and lawyers
39
Q

What were the jobs women performed in the 1900’s

A

Three main occupations were teachers (not higher education), factory workers and household servants

40
Q

What were the jobs in WW1

A

300,000 served in Army/Navy as nurses, secretaries and typists

41
Q

How many women entered the workforce in WWII

A

6 million

42
Q

What percentage of men and women are in the US workforce?

A
  • 52.4% are men
  • 47.6% are women (2005)
    • 49.8% (2010)
43
Q

How many women are employed in the US? (percentage)

A

60%

44
Q

What occupations hold the lowest percentage of women?

A
  • construction
  • installation
  • maintenance
  • repair
45
Q

What occupations hold the highest percentage of women

A
  • health care
  • office and administrative work
  • teaching
  • caring for young children
46
Q

Equal Pay Act

A
  • 1963
  • Prevents different wages for employees of opposite sex if they are performing equal work and under similar working conditions
47
Q

Civil Rights Act

A
  • 1964
  • Enforced by EEOC
  • sex
  • pregnancy
  • sexual harassment
48
Q

Family Medical Leave Act

A

allows 12 week unpaid leave for care of infant etc

49
Q

What doesn’t the Federal Government protect?

A
  • sexual orientation
  • weight
  • attractiveness
  • caregiver status
50
Q

What percentage of women make up CEO’s?

A

2.6%

51
Q

Access Discrimination

A

Discrimination in hiring; barriers to advancement

52
Q

Treatment Discrimination

A
  • salary

- sexual harassment

53
Q

Glass Ceiling

A

Invisible but powerful barriers that prevent women from advancing beyond a certain level

54
Q

Concrete ceiling

A

ethnic minority women

55
Q

Sticky Flood

A

women have little or no job ladder, or path, to higher positions

56
Q

Maternal Wall

A

women get less desirable assignments, lower salaries, and more limited advancement opportunities once they become mothers

57
Q

Glass escalator

A

men who seem to be fast-tracked to higher level jobs, often seen in female dominated occupations
- 97% of school superintendents are male

58
Q

What barriers hinder women’s advancement?

A
  • limited mentors and social network
  • discrimination
  • stereotypes
59
Q

Person-centered Explanations

A

female socialization discourage pursuit of these “unfeminine jobs”

60
Q

Situation Centered explanations

A

access/treatment discrimination

61
Q

Transformational Leaders

A

set high standards and serve as role models by mentoring and empowering their subordinates

  • typically a characteristic of women leaders
  • linked to higher ratings of effectiveness
62
Q

Transactional Leaders

A

Clarify workers’ responsibilities, monitor their work, reward them for meeting objectives, correct their mistakes
- more characteristic of men leaders

63
Q

Laissez-faire

A

take little responsibility for managing

64
Q

How many cents per dollar do women make?

A

80 cents per one dollar a man makes

65
Q

Pay equity

A

pay policies based on workers’ worth, not their gender or ethnicity

66
Q

Affirmative action

A

positive steps taken by employing agency to ensure that workplace provides equal opportunity for all

67
Q

Non-preferential treatment

A

training, recruiting, removal of practices

68
Q

Preferential treatment

A

giving “extra points” due to group membership, not common and not popular

69
Q

What does TAMU’s affirmative action statement claim?

A
  • affirmative action does not mean lowering standards of excellence or hiring unqualified persons
  • will make good faith efforts
  • making positive steps to remove discriminatory barriers
70
Q

What all male tradition ended in 2015 at TAMU?

A

The first female corps commander

71
Q

What percent of women are the primary or sole providers?

A

20%

72
Q

What percent of couples are dual earning?

A

80%

73
Q

Housework

A

In dual earning families, women still do the majority of the house work

74
Q

Assuming you and your partner both hold full-time; equally time-consuming jobs, how do you think you will divide childcare responsibilities?

A

50/50

75
Q

Assuming you and your partner both hold full-time; equally time-consuming jobs, how do you think you will divide household chores?

A

50/50

76
Q

The second shift (novel)

A
  • studied 50 couples over 8 years (1980-88) and how they divide household tasks
  • observes that men and women come into marriage with expectations defined by gender roles
  • concluded that a woman’s first shift (paid job) is often devalued and leads to rationalization that she should be primarily responsible for her second shift (household duties)
77
Q

What are the US federal policies on parental leave?

A
  • no paid maternity leave

- family medical leave at

78
Q

What is employment seen as for women? men?

A

Women: employment is seen as an addition to family role
Men: employment is seen as part of the family role

79
Q

Indra Nooyi

A
  • CEO of pepsico for 12 years
  • felt like she wasnt always a good mother or CEO
  • did her best
80
Q

How many women are currently CEO’s of fortune 500 companies?

A

24

81
Q

Women’s employment is related to divorce of unhappy marriages. (T/F)

A

True

82
Q

Are mothers see as more competent when employed? (T/F)

A

True

Psyc of Women (1 decks)

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