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Themes in Western Thought > Test 3 > Flashcards

Test 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Who are the 3 modern naturalists?

A

Darwin, Marx, and Freud

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2
Q

What are Darwin’s thoughts on natural selection/survival of the fittest?

A

overproduction, limited resources, genetic variation; survival of the adequate

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3
Q

Who and what philosophy reconciled free will and determinism?

A

Edwards and Compatibilism

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4
Q

Who and what - causality (everything exists in a chain of events, all the way back to God) and empirical faculties (mind is a passive receiver/sorter of competing sensations)

A

Edwards and freedom of the will

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5
Q

Who’s argument and which argument - prior to the will’s choosing is the understanding’s sifting among competing desires. Thus, the will is “free” to choose, but will choose according to predetermined desires (focus is on God’s sovereignty)

A

Edwards’ argument for freedom of the will

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6
Q

Who and what - distinguished “evangelism” from “revivalism”; his thought process was “Can you schedule the Holy Spirit?”

A

Edwards’ “awakening”

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7
Q

Who and what - suggested that ultimate reality is mental (akin to George Berkeley); we are independently existing in God’s mind

A

Edwards’ idealism

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8
Q

Who and what - actions must be done from duty to have moral worth; duty is the necessity of acting from respect for the moral law

A

Kant and Deontology

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9
Q

The mind shapes the data of experience

A

Kantian synthesis

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10
Q

example: All bachelors are unmarried men

A

Kant’s analytical statements

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11
Q

This was pre-empirical

A

Kant’s “a posteriori”

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12
Q

This was empirical

A

Kant’s “a priori”

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13
Q

An act is only ethical if it would be acceptable for everyone to do the same thing

A

Kant’s categorical imperative

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14
Q

Ethics derive from pure reason (a priori); action done by duty

A

Kant’s “good will” ethics

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15
Q

If/then actions; conditional on personal desires

A

Kant’s hypothetical imperative

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16
Q

Realm of things in themselves; how things exist independently of our minds

A

Kant’s noumenal realm

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17
Q

Realm of experiences filtered through understanding

A

Kant’s phenomenal realm

18
Q

Who and what - emphasizes “my world” over “THE world”

A

Kierkegaard and existentialism

19
Q

Who and what - People are alienated from God; faith, not reason, is the agent of reconciliation (faith goes first, pulling reason with it)

A

Kierkegaard and fideism

20
Q

Who and what - Dispensing biblical historicity and inerrancy in favor of subjectivity

A

Kierkegaard and subjective truth

21
Q

Who and what - the part kept by the (bourgeoisie) owner; capitalism denies the worker the full value of his work

A

Marx and surplus labor

22
Q

Who and what - the worker is separated from the product of his work (both of himself and of nature)

A

Marx and worker alienation

23
Q

Who and what - bourgeoisie is the upper middle class, proletariat is the working class (for the bourgeoisie)

A

Marx and bourgeoisie and proletariat

24
Q

Goal of history is a classless society

A

Marxian activism

25
Q

violence, class warfare, and bloody suppression are justified

A

Marxian coercion

26
Q

Who and what - concerned with the consequences of an action

A

Mill and consequentialism

27
Q

Who and what - greatest good for the greatest number

A

Mill and utilitarianism

28
Q

Who and what - the man who overcomes traditional morality and reality

A

Nietzsche and the Overman

29
Q

Who and what - borrows idea from cyclical determinism

A

Nietzsche’s cyclical recurrence

30
Q

Who and what - “not one of the ancient philosophers had the courage to advance free will”

A

Nietzsche’s determinism

31
Q

Who and what - self-assertion; “good” power and the will to wield it

A

Nietzsche’s upended morality

32
Q

What was Nietzsche’s type of existentialist

A

atheistic existentialist

33
Q

Who and what - the best explanation of many things in nature being adapted is that they were designed by God for those purposes, thus God exists; involved 3 questions

A

Paley’s design argument

34
Q

Who and what - the real issue is the reliability of the witnesses; “Will the person…”

A

Paley’s witness argument

35
Q

All reality is physical, materialistic, and anti-supernatural

A

philosophical naturalism

36
Q

Who and what - “First truths” are held universally; to doubt them is absurd

A

Reid and common sense realism

37
Q

He was NOT a skeptic

A

Reid and skepticism

38
Q

What were Reid’s 3 “First Truths”?

A
  1. immaterial self
  2. external world
  3. human morality
39
Q

Included moral liberty and necessity

A

Reid’s freedom of the will

40
Q

The ability to have done otherwise than what one has chosen to do

A

Reid’s moral liberty

41
Q

lack of moral liberty

A

Reid’s necessity

42
Q

close observation and study of the natural world; realistic portrayal

A

scientific naturalism

Themes in Western Thought (4 decks)

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