Test 3 (bacteria portion) Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Which disease is caused by R. akari?
A
rickettsialpox
2
Q
What is the reservoir for rickettsialpox caused by R. akari?
A
mice
3
Q
What is the vector for rickettsialpox caused by R. akari?
A
mites
4
Q
Rickettsialpox caused by R. akari is a mild disease with a rash resembling ___________________
A
varcella (chickenpox)
5
Q
How do you prevent rickettsialpox caused by R. akari?
A
reduce rodent population
6
Q
Which organism is in the scrub typhus group? What disease does this organism cause?
A
R. tsutsugamushi causes scrub typhus
7
Q
What are the characteristics of scrub typhus caused by R. tsutsugamushi? How do you prevent this?
A
-resembles epidemic typhus clinically
-bacteria is very toxic and produces an eschar (punched out ulcer covered with a blackened scab) that indicates the mite vector bite
prevention= reduce rodents
8
Q
Which disease is caused by Coxiella burnetii?
A
Q fever
9
Q
The genus Coxiella is morphologically similar to __________, but with a variety of genetic and physiological differences
A
Rickettsia
10
Q
What are the characteristics of C. burnetii?
A
-forms endospore-like structures
-the endospores are resistant to drying and pasteurization
-the spores can survive in dried feces or milk for months
11
Q
What is the reservoir for Q fever caused by C. burnetii?
A
sheep, goats, and cattle
12
Q
What is the vector for Q fever caused by C. burnetii? How is it transmitted? Who is most susceptible
A
-no human vector
-it is transmitted to humans by inhalation of dried feces, urine, milk, or placental material from animals like sheep, goats, and cattle
-its usually an occupational hazard for farmers, vets, medical center with large numbers of people exposed to animal shedding the organism
-infections may be acute or mild
13
Q
Q fever caused by C. burnetii resembles ____________
A
influenza
14
Q
What is the treatment and prevention for Q fever caused by C. burnetii?
A
-antimicrobial therapy
-high temp short time pasteurization
15
Q
The chlamydia species is an ___________________ bacteria
A
obligate intracellular
16
Q
Which bacteria is the smallest and most primitive of cellular organisms?
test q
A
chlamydia species
17
Q
Which bacteria can synthesize fats, proteins, and carbs, but they are energy dependent parasites that are unable to synthesize their own ATP?
A
chlamydia species
18
Q
The chlamydia species have a biphasic development (2 phases in life cycle). What are the 2 phases?
test q
A
1) elementary body
-small metabolically inactive
-infectious form
-released by infected host cell
2) reticulate body
-larger non-infectious form
-actively dividing cells
-grows within host cell
19
Q
What diseases are caused by chlamydia trachomatis (ocular strain, serovars A-C)?
A
ocular infections, trachoma
20
Q
What diseases are caused by chlamydia trachomatis (serovars D-K)?
A
-STDs
-inclusion conjunctivitis
-infant pneumonitis
21
Q
What disease is caused by chlamydia trachomatis (serovars L1-L3)?
A
lymphogranuloma venerum (LGV)
note: the name means enlargement of lymph nodes, glands and tissues that are sexually related infections
22
Q
What disease is caused by chlamydia psittaci?
A
psittacosis/ornithosis (pneumonia)
23
Q
What disease is caused by chlamydia pneumonia?
A
pneumonia
24
Q
chlamydia trachomatis (ocular strain, serovars A-C) is an ___________________ bacteria
A
obligate intracellular
25
What are the characteristics of chlamydia trachomatis (ocular strain, serovars A-C)?
-chronic keratoconjunctivitis that begins with acute inflammatory changes in the conjunctiva and cornea and progresses into scarring and blindness
-initial infection occurs in early childhood
-can lead to trachoma
-earliest symptoms are= lacrimation, mucopurulent discharge (pus), conjunctival hyperemia, follicular hypertrophy
-will then see scarring of the conjunctiva, eyelid deformities (entropion, trichiasis) and eyelashes sweeping across the cornea
-may experience secondary bacterial infection which results in loss of vision through the years
26
How is chlamydia trachomatis (ocular strain, serovars A-C) diagnosed?
-becomes purely clinical once symptoms advance
-cytoplasmic inclusions are found in epithelial cells of conjunctival scraping and are stained with fluorescent antibodies or on Giemsa stain
27
What is the treatment and prevention for chlamydia trachomatis (ocular strain, serovars A-C)?
SAFE:
S= surgery for eyelid deformities
A= azithromycin therapy
F= face washing and hygiene
E= environmental improvement (latrines, decreasing the number of flies that feed on conjunctival exudates)
note: this is most prevalent in countries where hygienic conditions are poor and water is scarce
28
Chlamydia trachomatis (serovars D-K) is an ___________________ bacteria
obligate intracellular
29
Which bacteria causes the most commonly reported STD in the US?
chlamydia trachomatis (serovars D-K)
30
What are the consequences of STDs caused by chlamydia trachomatis (serovars D-K) in women?
-up to 40% of women with untreated chlamydia develop pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
-1/5 women with untreated chlamydia lose the ability to have children
-80% of women with chlamydia have NO symptoms
31
What are the pathogenicity characteristics of the STI caused by chlamydia trachomatis (serovars D-K)?
-most common cause of non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men, but is less severe than gonorrhea
-in women it causes urethritis, cervicitis, and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) which can lead to sterility and predispose to ectopic pregnancy
-symptoms also include painful urination and increased frequency of urination
32
What is the most common cause of non-gonococcal urethritis (NGU) in men?
STI caused by chlamydia trachomatis (serovars D-K)
33
What are the pathogenicity characteristics of infant pneumonitis caused by chlamydia trachomatis (serovars D-K)?
-infants become infected at birth from infected mother's birth canal
-causes tachypnea and a paroxysmal staccato cough
-NO fever or eosinophils present
-diagnosis should be suspected if pneumonitis develops in a newborn who has inclusion conjunctivitis
-sometimes these babies also develop otitis media (middle ear) infection with same organism
-note: this is treated the same as pneumonia
34
What are the pathogenicity characteristics of inclusion conjunctivitis caused by chlamydia trachomatis (serovars D-K)? How are infants and adults different? What are the symptoms?
-for babies, it begins as a mucopurelent conjunctivitis 7-12 days after delivery
-adult inclusion conjunctivitis results from sexual contact with a person who has a genital infection
-in adults, it manifests relatively acutely with foreign body sensation, photophobia, often with keratitis (inflammation of the cornea)
-in absence of reinfection, the lesions tend to heal over several months to 2 years
35
How is inclusion conjunctivitis caused by chlamydia trachomatis (serovars D-K) treated?
erythromycin or tetracycline
36
How are STIs, infant pneumonitis, and inclusion conjunctivitis caused by chlamydia trachomatis (serovars D-K) diagnosed?
specimen collection from:
-endocervical
-vaginal
-urethral or
-conjunctival and then put on chlamydiae transport medium
urine may be tested for presence of chlamydial nucleic acid
can do serological testing such as direct fluorescent antibody and ELISA testing
37
Chlamydia trachomatis (serovars L1-L3) is an _____________ bacteria. It causes lymphogranuloma venereum which is an STD and is more common in males than females
obligate intracellular
38
Chlamydia trachomatis (serovars L1-L3) causes lymphogranuloma venereum, which is an STD. What are the 3 pathogenicity stages and their characteristics?
stage 1
-incubation is 1-3 weeks
-rapidly healing, painless genital papule or pustule
stage 2
-painful inguinal lymphadenopathy
-occurs 2-6 weeks after primary lesion
stage 3
-usually years later
-more common in women and MSM (gay men)
-characterized by proctocolitis
-may have rectal fibrosis and stricture in advanced stages (reversible with treatment), and elephantitis of the genitals in men
39
How is chlamydia trachomatis (serovars L1-L3) which causes lymphogranuloma venereum (STD) diagnosed?
frei test (this is a distinct test for LGV)
40
What is the treatment and prevention for the STD LGV caused by chlamydia trachomatis (serovars L1-L3)?
antimicrobial therapy and safe sexual practices
41
Chlamydia psittaci is an _________________ bacteria that causes psittacosis (also known as parrot fever or ornithosis). It is a human disease acquired from contact with birds (usually exotic birds). It produces a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from....
obligate intracellular, severe pneumonia and sepsis to mild asymptomatic infection
42
What are the pathogenicity characteristics of psittacosis (also known as parrot fever or ornithosis) caused by chlamydia psittaci?
-bacteria enters through the respiratory tract from inhalation of dried bird feces and infects lung tissues
-found in the blood during the first 2 weeks of the disease and may be found in the sputum as well
-will experience sudden onset of influenza like symptoms
-incubation period is approx 10 days
-symptoms= malaise, fever, anorexia, sore throat, photophobia, and severe headache
-several cases will have bronchial pneumonia at the end of the first week
-mortality rate is 20% if left untreated
43
How is psittacosis (also known as parrot fever or ornithosis) caused by chlamydia psittaci diagnosed?
-clinical diagnosis, rather than labs usually
-immunoassay or PCR is preferred
-serological testing
44
What is the treatment and prevention for psittacosis (also known as parrot fever or ornithosis) caused by chlamydia psittaci?
treatment= antimicrobial therapy
prevention=
-outbreaks may occur whenever there is close contact between humans and infected birds
-so, control bird shipments
-quarantine
-test imported birds for infections and treat with tetracycline in bird food
45
What bacterial species/bacteria are spirochetes?
1) treponema sp.
2) borrelia sp.
3) leptospira interogans
46
What is the 1 venereal treponematoses?
Treponema palidum
47
What disease is caused by Treponema pallidum?
test q
syphilis
48
What are the microbio characteristics of Treponema pallidum?
-slender spirals/ spiral coils regularly spaced (bc its a spriochete bacteria)
-actively motile
49
How is syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum transmitted?
-humans are the only host
-bacteria enters through mucus membrane
50
What is primary syphilis?
test q
-caused by Treponema pallidum
-incubation is usually 3 weeks
-pt will have a chancre lesion, which is a painless circular purplish ulcer with a small raised margin with hard edges (its like a canker ulcer)
-the lesion develops at the site of entry of the spirochete
-organism is present on the lesion
51
Is primary syphilis treatable?
test q
YES
52
What is secondary syphilis?
test q
-caused by Treponema pallidum
-primary syphilis has a chancre lesion
-secondary syphilis is where the lesion has already healed
-will have fever and flu like symptoms, and swollen lymph nodes
-becomes a systemic infection now
-will have skin rash that may be mistaken for measles, rubella, or chicken pox (Great Imitator)
-the rash appears as reddish brown spots on the palms, soles, faces, and scalp
-organism is present on the lesion
-symptoms will eventually subside and pt will enter latent period for several years
53
Is secondary syphilis treatable?
test q
yes
54
What is tertiary syphilis?
test q
-caused by Treponema pallidum
-this occurs in only 40% of patients who left primary and secondary syphilis untreated
-usually occurs many years after secondary syphilis
-may appear on the skin, skeletal system, cardiovascular system, or in nervous system
-organism cannot be found, its like a mystery
-the hallmark sign is gumma, which is a soft painless noninfectious granular lesion
-the lesion may weaken major blood vessels and cause them to burst
-if the lesion is in the spinal cord or on the meninges then it can lead to degradation of tissues and paralysis
-if the lesion is in the brain, then it can alter the patients personality and judgment skills
-may need to be hospitalized at mental institutions
55
Is tertiary syphilis treatable?
test q
NO
56
What is the hallmark sign of tertiary syphilis?
test q
gumma lesion (soft, painless, gummy noninfectious granular lesion)
57
What is congenital syphilis (ToRCHeS infections, S is for syphilis)?
spirochetes penetrate the placental barrier after the 3rd or 4th month of pregnancy and causes congenital syphilis (causes damage to fetus and can result in birth defects)
58
How is syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum diagnosed?
-nontreponemal tests used as screening tests
-treponemal antibody tests
-specimens from tissue fluid from early surface lesions of spirochetes by either dark-field or immunofluorescence microscopes, or nucleic acid amplification
-blood for serologic testing
-CSF for neurosyphilis testing
if you can only memorize one thing, then memorize the dark field microscopes
59
What is the treatment for syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum?
test q
penicillin
60
What are the 3 non-venereal treponematoses (endemic syphilis) bacterias?
1) treponema pallidum endemicum causes bejel
2) treponema pallidum pertenue causes yaws
3) treponema pallidum carateum causes pinta
61
What disease is caused by treponema pallidum endemicum?
bejel
62
What shape is treponema pallidum endemicum?
-slender spirals
-spiral coils are regularly spaced
63
Which age group is bejel caused by treponema pallidum endemicum common in?
children
64
What is bejel caused by treponema pallidum endemicum?
-highly infectious/contagious skin lesions that are transmitted by direct contact
-after latent period, may develop bony and cartilaginous involvement and chronic skin ulcerations
65
What is the treatment for bejel caused by treponema pallidum endemicum?
penicillin
66
What disease is caused by treponema pallidum pertenue?
yaws
67
What disease is commonly misdiagnosed? Why?
yaws caused by treponema pallidum pertenue
bc the facial deformities and tissue build up looks like cancer or leprosy
68
What shape is treponema pallidum pertenue?
-splender spirals
-spiral coils are regularly spaced
69
Where is treponema pallidum pertenue most commonly found?
-endemic in hot humid tropics like Africa near the equator
-poor communities
-poor socio-economic conditions with lack of hygiene and overcrowding
70
What is yaws caused by treponema pallidum pertenue? How is it transmitted?
-its a primary lesion that looks like an ulcerating papule, found on arms or legs
-without treatment, the infection can spread and lead to chronic disfigurement and disability in tissues like the face
-transmission is person to person
-most people affected are 15 y/o and younger
71
How is yaws caused by treponema pallidum pertenue treated?
azithromycin or benzathine penicillin
72
What disease is caused by treponma pallidum carateum?
pinta
73
What shape is treponma pallidum carateum?
-slender spirals
-spiral coils are regularly spaced
74
How is pinta caused by treponma pallidum carateum transmitted?
direct contact of flies or gnats
75
What is pinta caused by treponma pallidum carateum?
-skin disease
-the lesions are only on the dermis
-the lesions will begin at the site as a small papule but then enlarge and become hyperkeratotic
-lesions are mainly on extremities, face, or neck
-after 3-9 months, further thickened and flat lesions appear all over body and at bony prominences
-some lesions will eventually look like slate blue color or depigmented (can cause hyperpigmentation or hypo-pigmentation of skin)
76
How is pinta caused by treponma pallidum carateum treated?
penicillin or azithromycin
77
Prevotella melaninogenicus (gram neg anaerobic bacteria) WITH fusobacterium sp. (gram neg anaerboic bacteria) WITH TREPONEMA VINCENTII causes what disease?
test q
acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (trench mouth)
78
What is acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (trench mouth)?
-severe form of gingivitis that causes painful infected bleeding gums and ulcers
-causes stinky breathe bc of dying tissue
-this disease is rare in developed countries since we have good hygiene
-the poor hygiene allows large ulcers to form and multiply in the gums
-will be extremely painful and cause bad taste in mouth
79
What are the risks for getting acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (trench mouth)?
-living in developing country
-poor nutrition or hygiene, and poor living conditions
80
How is acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (trench mouth) treated?
-antibiotics
-antiseptic mouthwash
-painkillers
81
How is acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis (trench mouth) diagnosed and prevented?
diagnosis= clinical
prevention= teeth/mouth hygiene practices
82
What disease is caused by borrelia recurrentis?
epidemic relapsing fever
83
What is the largest pathogenic spirochete bacteria?
test q
borrelia recurrentis
84
What is the vector for epidemic relapsing fever caused by borrelia recurrentis?
louse
85
What is epidemic relapsing fever caused by borrelia recurrentis?
-larger scale and longer duration than endemic relapsing fever caused by borrelia hermsii and borrelia turicatae
-causes fever, shaking, chills, headache, prostration and drenching sweats
-the symptoms last a few days and then disappear AND then REAPPEAR up to 5x in the next several weeks
-spirochetes change their surface antigen during growth, and so by the time initial Ab is formed, it becomes useless bc theres a new surface Ag and this can happen multiple times
86
What is the treatment and prevention for epidemic relapsing fever caused by borrelia recurrentis?
tx= antibiotics
prevention= lice control
87
What disease is caused by borrelia hermsii and borrelia turicatae?
endemic relapsing fever
88
Borrelia hermsii and borrelia turicatae are a spirochete bacteria. What is the vector and reservoir?
vector= tick
reservoir= rodents
89
What is endemic relapsing fever caused by borrelia hermsii and borrelia turicatae?
-causes fever, shaking, chills, headache, prostration and drenching sweats
-has very similar clinical manifestations to epidemic relapsing fever caused by borrelia recurrentis BUT its a much shorter duration and affects less people
90
What is the treatment and prevention for endemic relapsing fever caused by borrelia hermsii and borrelia turicatae?
tx= antibiotics
prevention= tick control
91
What disease is caused by borrelia burgdorferi?
lyme disease
92
What is the vector for lyme disease caused by borrelia burgdorferi?
small ixodes tick
93
What is the reservoir for lyme disease caused by borrelia burgdorferi?
white footed mouse
94
What is the most commonly reported arthropod borne illness in the US currently?
lyme disease caused by borrelia burgdorferi
95
Can you die from lyme disease caused by borrelia burgdorferi?
yes, but its not very common
you body can have substantial damage though
96
What are the pathogenicity characteristics of lyme disease caused by borrelia burgdorferi? What are the 3 stages of the disease?
-after attaching to the host, the tick takes a blood meal and defecates into the wound, and if the tick is infected then spirochetes will be transmitted
-the incubation period is 3-31 days
3 stages:
1) early localized stage
-slowly expanding red rash at site of tick bite is called erythema (red) migrans
-will have a flat or raised lesion and the rash will increase in diameter in a circular pattern over weeks
-sometimes diameter can be as long as 10-15 in!
-the lesion will have an intense red border and central clearing, termed as the "bull's eye rash" (looks like target sign)
-other symptoms include: fever, headaches, and pain
2) early disseminated stage
-becomes systemic, can take months to years after first stage
-skin will have multiple smaller erythema migrans develop
-if it spreads to NS, then pt can get meningitis, facial palsy, and peripheral nerve disorders
-cardiac abnormalities are the most common and the symptom for it is brief irregular heartbeats
-joint and muscle pain can also occur
3) late stage
-can happen months or years after stage 2 if left untreated
-about 10% of patients develop chronic arthritis with swelling in the large joints such as the knee
97
How is lyme disease caused by borrelia burgdorferi diagnosed?
-rash observation (clinical)
-DNA and PCR testing
-ELISA and indirect fluorescent antibody assays (IFA) are most widely used
-immunoblot is generally used to confirm results obtained from ELISA
98
What meds are used for treatment of lyme disease caused by borrelia burgdorferi?
test q
early infection w/
-doxycycline
-amoxicillin
-cefuroxine axetil for 14-21 days
arthritis
-doxycycline
-amoxicillin
-penicillin G
-ceftriaxone
99
What disease is caused by Leptospira interrogans?
leptospirosis (weil's disease)
100
Which bacteria is a thin, coiled spirochete usually with a hook at one end resembling a question mark?
Leptospira interrogans
101
What is the most widely spread zoonosis?
Leptospira interrogans
102
How is Leptospira interrogans spread causing leptospirosis (weil's disease)?
-spirochetes colonize the kidney tubules in infected animals (cats, dogs, farm animals, etc)
-humans acquire it by contact with infected animals or soil, food, or water contaminated with infected animal urine
103
What are the pathogenicity characteristics of leptospirosis (weil's disease) caused by Leptospira interrogans? What are the 2 stages?
-swimming or wading in contaminated water, the bacteria enters through mucus membranes of the eyes, nose, mouth, and skin, especially if theres any cuts of wounds already
-bacteria multiplies rapidly and pt will have flu-like symptoms and for only 5-10% of patients it will become systemic and lethal
early phase
-headache, muscle aches, vomiting, nausea, conjunctivitis
-episodes of high fever and chills
late phase
-fever returns after a week or two
-meningitis is common in this stage
-inflammation in lungs and liver can occur
-kidney damage and jaundice is most common at this stage
-can vomit blood, have gastric hemorrhages with liver and kidney dysfunction
