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Anatomy test 3 > Test 3 content > Flashcards

Test 3 content Flashcards

1
Q

Plantar fasciitis is

A

A common cause of heel pain, especially for joggers; results from inflammation of the plantar aponeurosis at its point of attachment for the calcaneus with pain radiating towards the toes

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2
Q

Plantar aponeurosis

A

Located just beneath the skin of the sole of the foot and overlaying the superficial layer of intrinsic muscles; a broad flat tendon that stretches form the heel to the toes

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3
Q

PAD

A

Palmar interossei

ADDuct the fingers

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4
Q

DAB

A

Dorsal interossei

ABduct the fingers

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5
Q

What is the patella

A

Triangle shaped sesamoid bone in the tendon of the quadriceps (spec. Rectus femoris)

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6
Q

Base

A

The flat superior edge of patella

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7
Q

Apex

A

The more pointed inferior edge of patella

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8
Q

Posterior view of patella includes (3)

A

Vertical ridge
Medial articular facet
Lateral articular facet
(Facets articulate w/ patellar surface of femur and medial and lateral consumes of the femur depending on where in the range it is)

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9
Q

The knee includes which 2 joints ?

A

Tibiofemoral

Patellofemoral

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10
Q

Knee consists of 3 articulations :

A

Lateral condyle of the tibia articulates with the lateral femoral condyle

Medial condyle of the tibia articulates with the medial femoral condyle

Patella articulates with the femur

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11
Q

What type of joint is the tibiofemoral joint?

A

Synovial
Modified hinge (allows for some rotation)
Biaxial

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12
Q

What are the available movements of the knee (tibiofemoral joint)

A 
Flexion
Extension
Internal rotation (limited) 
External rotation (limited) 
Note: Rotation occurs only when knee is flexed
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13
Q

What type of joint is the patellofemoral joint

A

Synovial

Plane

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14
Q

Medial and lateral facets of the patella articulate with

A

The patellar surface of the femur

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15
Q

The patella moves _____ during flexion and ____ & ______ during extension

A

inferiority during flexion

Superiorly and laterally during extension

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16
Q

The lateral femoral condyle does what to prevent the patella from tracking too far laterally

A

The lateral femoral condyle projects farther anteriorly than the medial femoral condyle to prevent lateral tracking of the patella

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17
Q

Most patella dislocate in what direction?

A

Laterally

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18
Q

Valgus presentation

A

(Go out)
Lateral deviation of the distal bones of a joint
Aka knock knee

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19
Q

Varus presentation

A

(Return)
Medial deviation of the distal bone of a joint
Aka bow-leg

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20
Q

(LCL) lateral collateral ligament

Attaches what to what and restricts what action?

A

Attaches the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the fibular head

Checks/restricts varus deviation

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21
Q

(MCL) medial collateral ligament attaches what to what and restricts what action?

A

MCL) medial collateral ligament attaches the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial epicondyle of the tibia

Checks/restricts valgus deviation

22
Q

ACL anterior cruciate ligament attaches what to what?

When is it slack and when is it taut?

What movements does it check/restrict?

A

Attaches the anterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the posterior and medial side of the lateral femoral condyle

Slack when the knee is flexes and taut when the knee is in full extension

Checks anterior translation of the tibia on the femur (or posterior translation of the femur on the tibia) and knee extension

23
Q

Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) attaches what to what?

Is slack and taut when?

Checks what movement?

A

PCL Attaches the posterior intercondylar area of the tibia to the anterior and lateral side of the medial femoral condyle

Is slack when the knee is in extension and taut when the knee is in full flexion

Check the posterior translation of the tibia on the femur and knee flexion

24
Q

Cruciate ligaments are named for…

A

Where they attach on the tibia

Eg, the anterior cruciate ligament attaches anteriorly on the tibia

25
Q

What is the shape, make up, and purpose of the menisci of the knee?

To what are they attached?

A

C-shaped plates
Made of fibrocartilage attached to the articular surfaces of the tibia

Centre is thinner than outer edge

They are slightly mobile and aid in spreading synovial fluid during knee movement

Function as shock absorbers And to deepen articulation of tibia and femur

The medial meniscus Is attached to the medial collateral ligament
And the 2 meniscii are connected anteriorly by the transverse ligament of the knee

26
Q

Screw home mechanism of the knee involves

A

the screw home mech of the knee is when the knee is fully extended, the tibia rotates laterally, locking the knee into a more stable position to flex the knee. The popliteus medically rotates the tibia to “unlock” the knee and allow it to flex

27
Q

Popletieus is referred to as

A

The key to the knee because it “unlocks” the screw home mechanism

28
Q

Popliteus has what attachment sites and does what actions

A

Attaches superiorly to the lateral condyle of the femur
Attaches inferiority to the posterior proximal surface of the tibia
Actions: flexion of the knee (weak) and medial rotation of the knee (key)

29
Q

The tibia, fibula, interosseous membrane, and inter muscular septa divide the leg into what compartments (4)

A

Anterior compartment
Lateral compartment
Superficial posterior compartment
Deep posterior compartment

30
Q

Muscles in the same compartment share what 3 aspects?

A

General function
Nerve supply
Blood supply

31
Q

Tibialis anterior has what attachments and preforms what actions?

A

Proximal attachment: anterior, lateral, superior half of the tibia, interosseous membrane

Distal attachment: base of the 1st MT, 1st medial cuneiform (plantar surface)

Actions: Doris flexion and inversion

Eccentric contraction: when your heel strikes the ground and rest of foot slaps on the ground (food drop

32
Q

Extensor hallucis longus attachments and actions

A

Superior attachment: anterior middle fibula and interosseous membrane
Distal attachment: base of the distal phalanx of the 1st toe (dorsal surface)

Action: extension of the MTP, IP of 1st toe
Assists with Dorisiflexion, inversion

33
Q

What muscles are found in the anterior compartment from medial to lateral?

A

T- tibialis
E - extensor hallucis longus
E - extensor digitorum longus

Tom
Harry
Dick
Patrick - peroneus tertius

34
Q

What muscles are in the superficial posterior compartment

A

G - gastrocnemius
P - plantaris
S- soleus

35
Q

Extensor digitorum longus attachments and actions

A

Proximal attachment: proximal 3/4 of the anterior fibula, interosseous membrane
Distal attachment: middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 toes (dorsal surface)

Action: dorsiflexion, eversipn, extension of the MTPs, PIPs, and DIPs 2nd-5th digits

36
Q

Peroneus tertius attachments and actions

A

Proximal attachment: anterior distal fibula
Distal attachment: base of the 5th MT (dorsal surface)

Action: dorsiflexion (weak) and eversion (weak)

37
Q

What is the purpose of the inferior and superior extensor retinaculum?

A

Prevents the tendons from bowing as the muscles contract

38
Q

What is the purpose of the tendon sheath?

A

Where there is the possibility of friction betw the tendons and the retinacula a tendon sheath surrounds the tendon

Includes CT outer layer for structure and a synovial layer for lubrication as the tendons move

39
Q

Peroneus longus attachments and actions

A

Superior attachment: lateral proximal 2/3 of fibula
Inferior attachment: base of the 1st MT, 1st medial cuneiform (plantar surface)

**passes through the tunnel formed by the extensions of the long plantar ligament

Action: plantar flexion and eversion

***forms a stirrup with tibialis anterior at the base of the 1st MT. This sling supports transverse arch.

40
Q

Another aka for peroneus longus and brevis

A

Fibularis longus and brevis

41
Q

Peroneus brevis attachments and actions

A

Superior attachment: lateral distal 2/3 of the fibula
Inferior attachment: tuberosity of the 5th MT

Actions: plantar flexion and eversion

42
Q

Gastrocnemius attachments and actions

A

Superior attachment: 2 heads attach to the medial and lateral femoral condyles
Inferior attachment: calcaneus (via Achilles’ tendon)

Actions: plantar flexion and knee flexion (weak)

43
Q

Soleus Attachments and actions

A

Superior attachment: proximal posterior fibula, soleal line (tibia), middle 1/3 of medial border of the tibia
Interior attachment: calcaneus (via Achilles’ tendon)
Action: plantar flexion

44
Q

Gastrocnemius and soleus together are known as

A

Triceps surae

45
Q

Plantaris attachments and actions

A

Superior attachment: distal lateral supracondylar ridge of the femur
Inferior/distal attachment: calcaneus
Action: plantar flexion and knee flexion (weak)

46
Q

Tibialis posterior attachments and actions

A

Superior attachment: posterior tibia, interosseous membrane, fibula
Interior attachment: navicular tuberosity and surrounding bones (cuneiform, cuboid, based off 2-4th MTs)

Action: plantar flexion and inversion

47
Q

Flexor hallucis longus attachments and actions

A

Superior attachment: lower 2/3 of posterior fibula, interosseous membrane
Inferior attachment: plantar surface of 1st distal phalanx
Actions: 1 MTP, 1 IP flexion
Plantar flexion (crossing over ankle)

48
Q

Flexor digitorum longus attachments and actions

A

Superior attachment: posterior middle tibia
Inferior attachment: plantar surface of distal phalanges of lateral 4 toes
Action: PIP/DIP, MTP flexion of 2-5 digits
Plantar flexion

49
Q

Where do the posterior compartment muscle tendons pass at the ankle?

A

They pass behind the medial malleolus.

Note the flexor retinaculum - this forms a tunnel called the tarsal tunnel which is clinically relevant.
Possible causes for tarsal tunnel syndrome include prolonged eversion/probation, chronic tendinitis

50
Q

Stages of rheumatoid arthritis

A
  1. Synovitis
  2. Pannus
  3. Fibrous ankylosis
  4. Bony ankylosis

Gradual breakdown of cartilage and fusion of bones

Anatomy test 3 (5 decks)

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