test 3 H&N Flashcards
(256 cards)
1
Q
Body’s largest endocrine gland
A
Thyroid Gland
2
Q
the thyroid gland produes
A
thyroid hormone
3
Q
thyroid hormone controls
A
rate of metabolism & calcitonin
4
Q
thyroid gland is located
A
anteriorly in the neck at C5-T1
5
Q
what layers surround the thyroid
A
visceral portion of pretracheal layer and deep cervical fascia
6
Q
what unites the 2 lobes of thyroid
A
isthmus
7
Q
where is the isthmus located
A
anterior to the 2nd and 3rd tracheal rings
8
Q
where is the thyroid located in relation to the larynx and trachea
A
anterolaterally
9
Q
muscles in relation to thyroid anterolaterally
A
sternohyoid, sternothyroid, and thryohyoid
10
Q
relation to thyroid posterolaterllay
A
carotid sheath ( common carotid artery, internal caroitd artery, vagus N, jugular vein
11
Q
relation of thyroid medially
A
external laryngeal N, Recurrent laryngeal N, trachea, esophagus, cricothyroid, and interior constrictor
12
Q
First branch of the external carotid artery
A
superior thyroid artery
13
Q
what N and A supply anterosuperior aspect of thyroid gland?
A
superior thyroid A and external laryngeal N
14
Q
what is the largest branch of the thyrocervical trunk?
A
Interior Thyroid A
15
Q
where does the Inferior thyroid A come from?
A
Subclavian A
16
Q
What N does the Inferior Thyroid A run with?
A
recurrent Laryngeal N
17
Q
what portion of the thyroid do the inferior thyroid A and recurrent laryngeal N supply?
A
posteroinferior aspect including inferior poles
18
Q
what small unpaired branch arises from brachiocephalic truck?
A
thyroidea ima A. only found in 10% of pop
19
Q
where else may the thyroidea ima A arise?
A
aorta, rt common carotid A, subclavian, internal thoracic A
20
Q
what does the thyroidea Ima A supply?
A
small branches to the trachea and isthmus of thyroid gland
21
Q
what veins for the thyroid plexus?
A
superior, middle, inferior thyroid veins
22
Q
where is the thyroid plexus located?
A
anterior surface of the thyroid and trachea
23
Q
what does the Superior thyroid vein drain
A
accompany sup. thy A and drain sup. pole
24
Q
where does the Sup thy V drain into
A
internal jugular v
25
what and where does the Middle thy vein drain?
drains the middle portion of the lobe into internal jugular
26
what and where does the Inf thy V drain?
inf poles, into the brachiocephalic V
27
where are the N for the thyroid gland derived?
Sup, mid, inf cervical ganglia
28
what part of the sup, mid, inf cervical ganglia
sympathetic
29
how is endocrine secretion controlled?
pituitary gland
30
enlargement of the thyroid gland
goiter
31
if a goiter is present what might it encompass?
trachea, esophagus, and recurrent laryngeal N
32
injury to recurrent laryngeal N may cause
hoarseness- unilateral
33
what function do the parathyroid glands serve?
produce PTH- parathyroid hormone
34
what does PTH do?
control metabolism or Phosphorus and Ca in the blood
35
removal of the parathyroid glands results in?
tetany
36
what is tetnay
generalized spasms caused by decreased serum Ca levels
37
cranial meninges provides support for
arteries, veins and venous sinuses
38
what do the cranial meninges enclose?
subarachnoid space (leptomeningeal)
39
dura mater
external thick fibrous
40
arachnoid mater
intermed delicate
41
Pia mater
vascular internal
42
what forms the CSF?
choroid plexus
43
what portion of the brains forms CSF?
4th ventricle
44
how many layers is the Dura mater?
2 layered membrane
45
which layer is formed by the periosteum covering the internal surface of the skull
external periosteal layer
46
strong fibrous membrane
internal meningeal layer
47
inner meningeal layer forms what
infoldings/relections
48
what do the infoldings do
divide cranial cavity into compartments to support brain
49
what is the largest dural reflection?
falx cerebri- longitudinal fissure and separates R and L cerebral hemispheres
50
anterior attachment for the falx cerebri
frontal crest and crista galli
51
posterior attachment for the falx cerebri
IOP cont with tentorium cerebelli
52
what V sinuses run in the falx cerebri
superior sagittal, inf sagittal, straigh
53
second largest dural infold
tentorium cerebelli
54
what attachments does the tentorium cerebelli have?
2= free and attached margin
55
where does the free margin of the tentorium cerebeli attach
anterior clinoid process
56
the brain stem extends from the posterior cranial to middle cranial fossa via
tentorial notch
57
sinuses that run in the tentorium cerebelli
right and left superior petrosal sinuses, right and left transverse, straight
58
what is the vertical dural infolding?
cerebellar falx
59
the falx cerebelli is attached
internal occipital crest
60
smallest infolding
diaphragm sella
61
where is the diaphragm sella
circular sheet of dura roof over hypophyseal fossa in the sphenoid bone
62
what does the diaphragm sella cover
pituitary gland has aperture of passage of infundibulum
63
what line the dural venous sinuses
endothelium
64
dural venous sinuses lie where
between periosteal and meingeal layers of dura
65
what are the dural venous sinuses function
where large veins from the brain empty eventually into internal jugular
66
sigmoid sinus becomes what after traversing the jugular foramen
internal jugular vein
67
what is the meeting place of sinuses
confluence of sinuses
68
which sinuses converge at the confluence
sup sagittal, straight, occipital, transverse
69
sup sagittal sinus receive which veins
sup cerebral
70
where does the inf sagittal sinus run?
interior concave free border of cerebral falx
71
where does the inf sagittal sinus end?
straight sinus
72
union of inf sagittal sinus and great cerebral vein form?
straight sinus
73
which sinus drains the confluence
transverse sinuses
74
occipital sinus lies where?
attached border of the cerebelli falx
75
what does the occipital sinus communicate
the internal vertebral venous plexuses
76
what sinus is situated bilaterally of the sella turcica
cavernous sinuses
77
where does the cavernous sinus drain
sup and inf petrosal sinuses into pterygoid venous plexus
78
what is inside ea cavernous sinus?
internal carotid A
79
where is the abducens N located inside the brain
in the cavernous sinus
80
what cranial nerves are found in the lateral wall of the cavernous sinus?
oculomotor (III)
Trochlear (IV)
Opthalmic branch of trigeminal (V)
Maxillary branch of trigeminal
81
what two things does the sup petrosal sinus connect?
cavernous sinus and transverse sinus
82
the inf petrosal sinuses are connected via
basilar plexus
83
what veins connect the dural sinuses with the veins outside the cranium?
emissary veins
84
what veins are valveless and flow both directiosn?
emissary veins
85
what emissary vein is present in children?
frontal
86
what connects the superior sagittal sinus with the V of the scalp?
parietal
87
what emissary vein connects ea sigmoid sinus with the occipital or posterior auricular vein?
Mastoid
88
what connects the sigmoid sinus with the suboccipital
posterior condylar emissary V
89
Name the arteries of the dura mater
middle meningeal A
meningeal branches of ophthalmic A
branches of occipital A
branches of vertebral A
90
what accompanies the middle meningeal A?
middle meningeal V
91
middle meningeal V leaves cranial cavity via?
foramen spinosum drains into pterygoid V plexus
92
Nerve supply of the dura mater
```
branches of:
maxillary
mandibular
ophthalmic N
Sensory branches:
from dorsal roots C1-3
branches of vagus N
```
93
embryonic development of Pia and arachnoid maters
dev from single layer of mesenchyme surrounding the embryonic brain
94
arachnoid mater is made up of
fibroblasts, collagen fibers, some elastic finbers
95
how is the arachnoid mater held up if it is not attached to dura mater?
the pressure of the CSF
96
how is the arachnoid mater blood supply?
avascular and thin
97
tufted prolongations of the arachnoid
arachnoid granualtions
98
how is CSF transferred into the venous system for disposal?
arachnoid granulations protrude into meningeal layer into dural venous sinus
99
what meningial layer is vascular
Pia mater
100
the space between the dura and arachnoid mater
subdural space
101
space that contains serous fluid
subdural space
102
the space between arachnoid and pia mater
subarachnoid space
103
what does the sub arachnoid space contain
CSF, trabecular cells, A&V
104
complication associated with epidural and subdural infections
cavernous sinus thrombosis
105
1st cranial N
olfactory N
106
where does the olfactory N exit
foramina in cribriform plate of ethmoid
107
olfactory nerve fibers synapse with
mitral N cells of olfactory bulb
108
lateral olfactory stria terminates where?
piriform cortex of ant part of temporal lobe of cerebrum
109
medial olfactory stria goes where?
project through anterior commissure
110
2nd cranial N
optic
111
optic origin is
N cell bodies in retinal and axons of ganglion cells of retina
112
cranial exit of optic N
optic canal forms optic chiasma
113
at the optic chiasma the N forms?
optic tract
114
termination of optic N
lateral geniculate bodies of thalamus
115
III cranial N
oculomotor
116
what kind of motor N is the III N?
somatic motor
117
origin of oculomotor
1. nucleus located in midbrain at level of sup colliculus
| 2. accessory nucleus (edinger Westphal) dorsal to oculomotor nuc
118
cranial exit of III
sup orbital fissure
119
termination of III
divides into sup and inf divisions
120
oculomotor (III) sup division supplies what muscles
levator palpebrae superioris
| superior rectus
121
oculomotor (III) inf division supplies what muscles
inf rectus, medial rectus, inf oblique
122
inf division of oculomotor N also carries
presynaptic parasympathetic fibers to the ciliary ganglion
123
IV cranial N
Trochlear N
124
origin of Trochlear N
trochlear nucleus in midbrain caudal to oculomotor nucleus
125
trochlear cranial exit
sup orbital fissure
126
termination of IV trochlear N
sup oblique
127
V cranial N
trigeminal N
128
largest cranial N
Trigeminal
129
origin of V trigeminal
4 nuclei- one motor and 3 sensory
130
sensory nuclei of V trigeminal N
mesencephalic, principal sensory, and spinal
131
cranial exit of V trigeminal
lateral aspect of the pons
132
what makes up the sensory root of the trigeminal ganglion?
pseudounipolar neurons
133
three divisions of trigeminal N
opthalmic
maxillary
mandibular
134
what kind of N is the ophthalmic N
sensory somatic
135
cranial exit of V1 (ophthalmic)
sup orbital fissure
136
branches of the ophthalmic N
lacrimal, frontal, nasociliary
137
what kind of N is the V2 maxillary
somatic sensory
138
cranial exit for maxillary
foramen rotundum
139
V2 maxillary N branches
zygomatic N, posterior superior alveolar, infraborbital/ant/mid sup alveolar branches, greater palatine, lesser palatine, nasopalatine and pharyngeal N's
140
what type of N is the mandibular N
mixed somatic (bronchial) motor
141
origin of mandibular N
cell bodies in the PONS
142
cranial exit of mandibular N
foramen ovale
143
sensory branches of mandibular N
nervus spinousus, buccal, auriculotemporal, inf alveolar
144
motor branches of the mandibular N
masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid, mylohyoid, anterior belly digastric, tensor tympani
145
lingual N does what
carries general sensation from ant 2/3 of tongue
146
what is the 2nd smallest N
abducens N
147
what is the VI cranial N
Abducens
148
what does the abducens innervate
somatic motor N of the eye
149
origin of VI abducens
PONS
150
cranial exit of the abducens
Sup orbital fissure
151
termination of the VI abducens
medial suface of the Lateral rectus of the eye
152
VII cranial N
Facial
153
what kind of N is VII facial
mixed somatic bronchial motor
154
origin of facial N
motor nucleus ventrolateral part of the pons
155
where are the sensory Neurons of the facial N
geniculate ganglion
156
cranial exit of facial N
stylomastoid foramen
157
facial N enters through
internal acoustic meatus
158
name the sharp bend in the facial N
geniculum
159
where does the facial bend occur
along medial end of tympanic cavity- geniculate ganglion
160
facial N terminates: how many terminal branches
enters parotid gland--> parotid plexus--> 5 terminal branches
161
What are the 5 terminal branches of the facial N
temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular and cervical
162
Man functions of facial N
chorda tympani N, carries taste, special sense, gustatory ant 2/3 tongue
163
what two ganglion is the facial N postsynatpic
pterygopalatine and submandibular
164
what glands do the facial N control and how
parasympathetic: submandib, subling, salivary, lacrimal
165
VIII cranial N
Vestibulocochlear
166
what type of N is VIII
special sensory: hearing, equilibrium/ balance
167
origin of vestibulocochlear N
cell bodies on vestibular ganglion
168
what type of neurons are in the vestibular ganglion
bipolar
169
where are the vestibular nuclei located
jux pons and medulla
170
cochlear N is what type of N
special sensory
171
what is the cochlear origin
nerve cell bodies in spiral ganglion
172
cranial exit for vestibulocochlear N
internal acoustic meatus
173
IX cranial N
Glossopharyngeal
174
what type of N is IX
mixed
175
how many nuclei does the glossopharyngeal have
4 two motor two sensory
176
what is the superior wall of the orbit
frontal bone and lesser wind of sphenoid
177
medial wall of orbit
ethmoid, maxilla, lacrimal and sphenoid bones
178
lateral wall of the oribt
zygomatic and greater wing of sphenoid bones
179
apex of the orbit
optic canal
180
what is periosteum of the oribt
periorbita
181
when the eye is closed the space is called
conjuctival sac
182
what form the skeleton of the eyelids
tarsal plates (connective tissue)
183
oil secretion to keep eyes lubed
tarsal glands
184
what are the sebaceous glands associated with the eyelids
ciliary glands
185
order of the lacrimal apparatus
gland, duct, canaliculi, punctum, sac
186
lacrimal gland N
presynaptic parasympathetic secretomotor fibers of facial N via greater petrosal N
187
levator palprebrae sup origin
lesser wing of sphenoid/sup/ant optic canal
188
levator palprebrae sup insertion
sup tarsus
189
N supply levator palprebrae sup
oculomotor
190
sup oblique origin
body of sphenoid
191
insetion sup oblique
sclera
192
N supply sup oblique
trochlear
193
origin inf oblique
ant part of the floor of the orbit
194
N supply inf oblique
oculomotor
195
what type of ganglion is the ciliary ganglion
parasympathetic
196
what is the sensory root of the ciliary ganglion
nasociliary n
197
motor root of ciliary ganglion
parasym root
198
sympathetic root of ciliary ganglion
internal carotid plexus
199
short ciliary N carry what where
parasym and sym fibers to ciliary body and iris
200
branch of the internal carotid A that supplies blood to the orbit
ophthalmic A
201
Branch of ophthalmic A provides only supply to internal aspect of the retina also an end artery
Central A of retina
202
branch of maxillary A contrib blood to the floor of orbit
Infraorbital A
203
blood supply to the choroid
short post ciliary A
204
vascular layer of the eye made of connective tissue
choroid
205
blood supply to ciliary plexus
long post ciliary arteris
206
where do the veins of the oribt pass
sup orbital fissure
207
where does the central vein enter
cavernous sinus
208
how many parts to the eyeball
3- fibrous, middle vascular, inner neural
209
what are the two parts of the fibrous part of the eye
sclera and cornea
210
what portion of the eye does the sclera cover?
post 5/6
211
what portion of the eye does the cornea cover
anterior 1/6
212
what is corneoscleral junction?
the corneal limbus the angle formed by the sclera and cornea
213
middle vascular layer has how many parts
3 choroid, ciliary body, iris
214
the choroid lies where
between sclera and retina
215
what is the largest vascular layer?
choroid
216
what connects the choroid with the iris?
ciliary body
217
what does the ciliary body provide attachment for?
the lens
218
what is the anterior segment of the eyeball filled with
aqueous humor
219
where is the iris in relation to the lens
anterior
220
what two muscles control the size of the central aperture?
sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae
221
decrease of the pupil diameter is due to
parasympathetic fibers sphicter pupillae
222
increase in the pupil diameter is due to
sympathetic fibers dilator pupillae
223
what is the sensory neural layer
retina
224
pigment epithelium, rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion, and optic nerve fiber are layers of
retina
225
what is the blind spot of the eye- no photoreceptors
optic disc
226
special photorecteptor cone area of the eye
Macula
227
what is the area for acute vision, size?
fovea centralis 1.5mm
228
cones and rods are supplied separately by the
capillary lamina of the choroid
229
cornea, aqueous humor, lens and vitreous humor are
refractive media
230
what produces aqueous humor
ciliary processes
231
what changes the shape of the lens
ciliary muscle
232
N supply to ciliary muscle
parasympathetics via III CN
233
the active process of changing the shape of the eye
accomodation
234
transparent jelly in post 4/5 of the eye
vitreous body
235
what provides parasympathetic innervation to parotid gland
IX glossopharangeal
236
what branches does the IX glossopharyngeal N suppuly
tympanic, carotid sinus N, pharyngeal, tonsillar, lingual
237
motor supply for swallowing
IX glossopharyngeal
238
muscle for swallowing
stylopharynegeus
239
main function of IX glossopharyngeal
general and taste gestation sensation post 1.3 tongue
240
X CN?
Vagus
241
what kind of N is it
mixed
242
what is the longest cranial N
X vagus
243
how many nuclei at the origin
4. 2 sensory 2 motor
244
what are the two nuclei of the sensory for X
sensory nuclei of trigeminal and nuclei of solitary tract
245
what are teh two nuclei of motor for X
nucleus ambiguous and dorsal nucleus of vagus
246
origin of X vagus
cell bodies of the medulla
247
Cranial exit of X vagus
jugular foramen
248
is X vagus apart of the carotid sheath
yes
249
what are two main branches of X vagus N
sup laryngeal and recurrent laryngeal
250
main actions of X vagus
motor to pharynx, intrinsic muscles larynx, muscles of palate striated muscle in upper 2/3 esphagus
251
what parasympathetic action does X have
smooth muscle of trachea, bronchi, digestive , cardiac heart
252
what sensory does X contribute
visceral sensory to abdomen and L colic flexure
253
what special sensory function does X have?
taste from epiglottis and palate
254
what twp parts does X have
cranial and spainal
255
where does the spinal part of X araise
anterior horn motor neurons in sup 5 segments of spinal cord
256
where does the cranial part of X araise
nucleus ambiguous
