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Immunology > Test 3- L9 > Flashcards

Test 3- L9 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

Where does antigen independent differentiation happen

A

Bone marrow

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2
Q

Where does antigen dependent differentiation happen

A

Lymphatics and spleen

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3
Q

What is the order of B-cell development in bone marrow

A

Pro-B cell–> Pre-B cell–>Immature B-cell–>Mature B-cell

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4
Q

What are characteristics of Pro-B cells

A

Have gene rearrangements of heavy chain

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5
Q

What are characteristics of Pre-B cells

A

Completed µ Heavy chain is present in cytoplasm, have first checkpoint to see if heavy chain is working

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6
Q

Pre-B cell stage what is checked

A

If heavy chain works then no further rearrangements are necessary

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7
Q

In a B-cell how many heavy chains are expressed at once

A

Genes from 1 chromosome make an H chain
Genes from one chromosome make an L chain (allelic exclusion)

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8
Q

What and where is surrogate light chain

A

In the Pre-B cell, It’s a practice light chain that interacts with µ heavy chain. That complex goes to the surface of the cell to show that it can move to the next stage

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9
Q

What do you have after the µ heavy chain and the surrogate light chain are presented on the surface

A

Immature B cell with IgM on cell surface

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10
Q

What are characteristics of the immature B cell

A

Light chains pair with µ heavy chains to form monomeric membrane bound to IgM on cell surface

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11
Q

Where are the 2 checkpoints

A

Pre B cells and Immature B cells

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12
Q

What is checkpoint number 2 in the immature B cells asking

A

Is the IgM on surface self reactive?

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13
Q

What are the 2 outcomes of encountering soluble and membrane bound Ag at checkpoint number 2

A

Encounters soluble Ag= anergized (won’t go near anymore)
Encounters self membrane bound Ag with which they can interact? Deleted by apoptosis

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14
Q

If an immature B cell isn’t self reactive what does it become & what does it express on cell surface

A

It becomes a mature B cell in circulation, spleen, lymph nodes
It expresses IgM & IgG on cell surface (tells its mature)

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15
Q

In mature B cells- even though the bottom half (Fc) portion of the molecules (IgG & IgM) is different what is the same

A

Their specificity

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16
Q

What do mature B cells do

A

Interact with antigens in secondary lymphoid organs and generate immune response

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17
Q

As soon as the heavy and light chain (variable region) are rearranged and produced, this determines what

A

Specificity for life & for progeny- happens very early on in their ontogeny

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18
Q

Mature B cells do what and what happens

A

Look for their antigen, if they don’t find their specific antigen in a couple weeks they die by neglect

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19
Q

What happens if they find their specific antigen

A

They become activated

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20
Q

Death by neglect happens why

A

Because of their specific half life

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21
Q

What is the main tenet of Clonal Selection theory

A

The B cells go into periphery with a predetermined specificity

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22
Q

The only cells that are activated in an immune response are selected by what

A

The antigen- only activates B-cell that has the predetermined specificity for that antigen

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23
Q

After activation what happens to B cells

A

Clonal expansion- resulting in plasma cells (produce antibodies), or memory B cells

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24
Q

How are the self-reactive B cells controlled

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A

Central tolerance (2nd checkpoint when immature B cells are exposed to self antigen) in bone marrow, peripheral tolerance

25
If a self-reactive immature B cell is specific for molecules that are on the surface of the cell what happens
They get a very strong signal for clonal deletion(apoptosis- because it expresses thousands of copies of self on surface)
26
If you have a self-reactive cell that interacts with *soluble* self molecule what happens
It gets a small signal and undergoes clonal anergy (if they see the cell again they don't respond)
27
If peripheral B cells come into contact with antigen in the periphery and they don't get any help from T cells, cytokines, no PRRs activated, what happens
Anergy- they won't respond because they need a secondary stimulus
28
T dependent antigens are proteins or they're conjugated to proteins- what do they require
Antigen processing- they need peptide in context of MHC class 2
29
What are the steps of the T dependent response through the exogenous pathway
1-Antigen presenting cells phagocytose & process antigen and present it to T cells via HLA class 2 2-B cell binds Ag through BCR and presents Ag in HLA class 2 3- Activated T helper interacts with B cell specific for the same antigen through HLA class 2 (B cell)/TCR and costimulatory molecules 4-T cell provides cytokines and cell:cell interactions to promote plasma cell differentiation and development of memory B cells
30
During the T dependent response what always is secreted first
IgM (similar to T-independent response)
31
What happens as the T dependent antibody response matures- the interaction with the T cell and its cytokines induce what
An isotype switch (class switch) where B cells switch from one to another
32
From the class switch- Th2 cells promote what isotypes
IgG, IgA, IgE
33
From the class switch- Th1 cells switch specifically to what
IgG3
34
The T cell tells the B cell what to do by what
By the specific cytokines are secreted
35
What is the net result of the primary antibody response to a T-dependent antigen
Increase the number of memory cell clones to respond more rapidly to antigen in the future
36
After a first vaccination (primary response) there is a what
Lag phase
37
Primary response-After the lag phase what is produced first
IgM- then T helper cells tell B cells to produce IgG
38
After the second dose of vaccine
Short lag followed by IgG produced rapidly (memory response- anamnestic response)
39
What cells are responsible for secondary or anamnestic response
Primarily IgG
40
How long before antibody is detected in response to a first dose of antigen
7-10 days
41
Why does the second vaccine response happen faster?
The body is in a heightened state due to previous infection & produced memory cells
42
Why does IgG stick around longer
It has a longer half life (23 days)
43
How long before antibody is detected in response to a second dose of antigen
About 3 days
44
What is the predominant antibody produced after second vaccination
IgG
45
Unvaccinated pt is acutely ill with covid- what is the predominant isotype in serum
IgM
46
A child is coming in for second dose of covid vaccine- what is the primary isotype in serum 3 days later
IgG
47
The affinity between the Ag/Ab can be increased- when?
Higher at end of infection than the first response (affinity maturation)
48
To determine if disease is chronic you would test what levels
IgG
49
What cells undergo affinity maturation & what is affinity maturation
B-cells with antigen on cell surface, process by which antibodies gain increased affinity and anti-pathogen activity
50
3 important things about T-independent antigens:
They're polymers or carbohydrates, carbohydrates cannot be put into HLA class 2 (so no T cell help), don't need to undergo antigen processing
51
For T-independent antibody response- what antibody is produced and what 2 things cant happen
IgM is the only class of antibody produced (no T cell = no cytokines), no memory response, no affinity maturation
52
What are 2 things that happen in T-dependent responses that dont happen in T-independent responses
Memory response, affinity maturation
53
In a T-independent antigen what is the same every time
Amount of antibody produced in every exposure- all because you dont have T cell help
54
In a T-independent antigen what is the same every time
Amount of antibody produced in every exposure- because you don't have T cell help theres no memory response or affinity maturation
55
How do you make a T-independent antigen response into a T-dependent antigen response
By conjugating the antigen to a protein
56
Maternally derived antibody received from baby in utero is what
IgG only can cross placental barrier
57
When looking for if the baby generated an immune response in utero what do you have to look for
IgM or IgA because they couldn't have come from the mother
58
When is the child vulnerable from waning IgG from mother?
3 months to 1 year- considered immunocompromised
59
Breast milk has what
IgA

Immunology (3 decks)

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