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Intro to Pharmaceuticals > Test 3 Review > Flashcards

Test 3 Review Flashcards

(83 cards)

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0
Q

blood composition

A

55% plasma, 45% cells and platelets

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1
Q

what is the main transporter in drug distribution

A

blood

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2
Q

of the 55% plasma, what makes it up?

A

90% water, 8% plasma proteins, and 2% other

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3
Q

what are the two plasma proteins in plasma?

A

albumin and globulin

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4
Q

artery

A

carries blood toward heart

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5
Q

veins

A

carry blood away from heart

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6
Q

capillaries

A

between arteries and veins and are site of gas exchange

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7
Q

what % of body is made of water

A

65%

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8
Q

of the 65%, how much is intracellular and how much is extracellular?

A

2/3 intracellular, 1/3 extracellular

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9
Q

of the extracellular fluid, how much is plasma and how much is interstitial?

A

1/4 plasma and 1/4 interstitial

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10
Q

osmotic forces

A

pull gas into capillaries for exchange

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11
Q

when blood pressure is higher, osmotic forces are…

A

lower. vice versa

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12
Q

lymphatic veins

A

pick up leaked fluids from gas exchange within capillaries

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13
Q

lymphatic system

A

act as “drainage”, they drain leaky fluids from gas exchange back into the cardiovascular system

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14
Q

how does a drug binding to plasma affect the way it crosses the membrane?

A

only unbound (free) form of drug can cross the membrane. if it binds with albumin it renders it ineffective

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15
Q

discontinuous capillary

A

most effective

  • loosely packed cells, lets medications leak out
  • liver, spleen
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16
Q

continuous capillary

A

tightly packed cells

-brain and muscle

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17
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

BBB

tight junctions, nothing can leak out of the continuous capillaries into the brain

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18
Q

fenestrated capillary

A

packed cells with holes

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19
Q

what drugs can pass through the blood brain barrier?

A

lipid soluble

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20
Q

what is destroyed in a stroke patient, causing hemorrhaging?

A

the blood brain barrier

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21
Q

unbound/free form of drug

A

it is not bound to a protein and can pass through the membrane and reach its target

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22
Q

why are lipophilic drugs bad in large doses?

A

they can accumulate in the tissues by dissolving in the fat

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23
Q

what should you do if someone has a kidney problem?

A

reduce the dose, because that person will have trouble excreting the medication leading to toxic buildup

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24
6 ways a drug can be eliminated
kidneys, saliva, bile, sweat, breast milk, exhaled air
25
why should you not chew a pill before swallowing?
saliva may dissolve some of the medication and it won't travel to the small intestine and be absorbed there where it's supposed to
26
most important fluid for excretion
urine
27
4 kidney functions
water balance, waste removal, maintain pH, and maintain electrolyte balance
28
nephron
structural unit of the kidney, they are like little filters
29
bowman's capsule
structure in a kidney that filters the blood
30
how much fluid is filtered per day through the kidneys?
180L
31
how much fluid is reabsorbed into the bloodstream and how much is secreted per day?
179L is reabsorbed, and 1L is secreted (that's the urine)
32
excretion
sum of filtration, reabsorption, and secretion processes
33
glomerular filtration rate
GFR | 120 mL/min
34
if glomerular filtration rate decreases, what happens?
the rate of elimination also decreases because the rate of filtration slowed
35
renal clearance
amount of medication that is cleared from the plasma | ex) 80% clearance means that 80% of the medication is cleared from the plasma and 20% is retained
36
what does 0% clearance mean?
none of the drug has been excreted in the urine and is staying in the plasma, possibly being reclaimed
37
why is the liver not a good source of elimination?
it often reclaims waste and sometimes the drug, making elimination impossible
38
how are lipophilic drugs excreted?
they can't be excreted by the kidneys, so first the liver converts them to hydrophilic drugs so the kidneys can absorb them
39
detoxification
enzymes in the liver getting rid of the toxins by converting them
40
enzymes in the liver are..?
- proteins - lock and key relation - CATALYSTS
41
catalyst
speeds up a reaction
42
co-enzyme
aka cofactor an enzyme that has to be present for a reaction, not a protein -usually a metal
43
prodrug
inactive form of a drug that the body must convert to active form
44
what suffix do enzymes usually end in?
-ase
45
hydrolase
hydrolysis of substrate
46
ligase
bond formation
47
transferase
transfers group between molecules
48
lyase
elimination and addition reactions
49
isomerase
rearrangement
50
oxidoreductase
oxidation or reduction
51
rate of enzyme activity is proportional to what?
the amount of substrate present
52
first pass metabolism
liver modifies toxic substances when the drug makes its first stop there
53
portal vein
vein in the liver that carries drugs to the liver from the small intestine
54
Phase I reactions
oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis | -characterized by cytochrome P-450 enzymes
55
Phase II reactions
conjugate substances for easy excretion
56
oxidation
taking something out
57
reduction
adding something in
58
conjugate
incorporate, join together
59
what phase of metabolism reaction is affected in the elderly first?
phase I
60
hepatic vein
takes blood back to the heart after the reactions have occurred in the liver via vena cava
61
intrinsic activity
ability to initiate response after receptor binding
62
agonist
same activity as neurotransmitter
63
antagonist
fits in receptor but has no intrinsic activity | "fits in the ignition but doesn't start the car"
64
two types of antagonists
competitive and noncompetitive
65
competitive antagonist
competes with agonist for receptor site, binds to it, and causes no activity
66
noncompetitive antagonist
binds somewhere other than the receptor site, changes the shape of the receptor
67
metabolic pathway
sequence of chemical reactions - each reaction is catalyzed by a different enzyme - product of one reaction is the substrate for the next
68
feedback inhibition
inhibits enzyme in pathway so no product is available to catalyze the next reaction
69
noncompetitive inhibition
changes the shape of the active site
70
competitive inhibition
blocks the active site
71
pharmacokinetics
what the body does to the drug | -absorption and elimination
72
pharmacodynamics
what the drug does to the body | -adverse effects and pharmacological effects
73
what is a good indicator of pharmacokinetics?
the drug concentration in plasma-can see how much of drug has been cleared
74
what happens to drug concentration when an IV is given?
concentration shoots up, then steadily declines over a period of time showing that IV is the fastest route
75
what happens to drug concentration after an oral dose of medication?
the concentration takes a while to increase, until the maximum value is reached, then steadily declines, showing oral route is slow
76
bioavailability
Percentage of the administer d dose that reaches systemic circulation intact
77
what is the bioavailability for IV administration?
100%, highest one
78
4 sources of poor bioavailability
incomplete absorption or dissolution in the GI tract decomposition metabolized by liver
79
half life
time required to decrease drug concentration by half
80
therapeutic index
comparison between effective and lethal dose - narrow index=very little difference between effective and lethal dose, unsafe - wide index=large difference between effective and lethal dose, safe
81
rate of elimination depends on what 5 things?
drug clearance, half life, minimum concentration required for efficacy, therapeutic index, and multiple dosing
82
difference between plasma and serum
plasma is the fluid left on top when anticoagulant (anti-clotting) is added to the blood. serum is left on top when the blood is spun in a centrifuge and allowed to clot

Intro to Pharmaceuticals (10 decks)

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