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Psychology of Health/Illness > Test 3 Study Guide > Flashcards

Test 3 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

Measurement of Pain

A

Physiological (EMG, Measures muscle tension)
Biological
Self-Report

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2
Q

Descartes Pain Theory

A

He claimed that pain came from the brain. He was the first ever to suggest this. His study focused on phantom limb pain and since there was no limb to actually feel pain, he concluded that pain must come from the brain.

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3
Q

Melzack and Wall (1965)

A

Gate Control Theory
In our Spinal Cord, there is an imaginary gate, and if the gate is open, pain signals will be sent to the brain and the brain will determine what to do. If the gate is closed, it will not receive the information, and the brain can even close the gate
Ex: Getting hurt in a game, but not feeling it until after the game has ended

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4
Q

Melzack and Wall (1993, 2005)

A

Neuromatrix Theory
The neuromatrix theory of pain proposes that pain is a multidimensional experience produced by characteristic “neuro signature” patterns of nerve impulses generated by a widely distributed neural network-the “body-self neuromatrix”-in the brain.

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5
Q

Pain Pathways - From Start to Finish

A

Nociceptors (Glutamate, excitatory)
A,C Nerve Fibers
Spinal Cord (Substance P, is either released or not released (pain gate has been closed))
Brain Stem
Thalamus
Limbic System
Amygdala is in the Limbic System, which is
responsible for emotions. This is why we cry when
we are hurt
Primary Somatosensory Cortex
Body releases Endorphins
Produced to help relieve pain, reduce stress, and
improve mood.

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6
Q

A level of “bad” LDL cholesterol

A

100 mg/dL or higher as a young adult was associated with a 64% increased risk for coronary heart disease later in life

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7
Q

About _____ people die of heart disease in the US each year- that’s 1 in every 4 deaths

A

610,000

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8
Q

In the US, someone has a ‘heart attack’ every __ seconds. That means ~735,000 Americans have a heart attack every year

A

40

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9
Q

The leading cause of death in both men and women

A

Heart Disease

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10
Q

Heart disease costs the US about

A

$200 billion annually; includes the cost of health care services, medications, and lost productivity

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11
Q

The race with the most heart-disease-related deaths

A

Black Americans, then non-Hispanic Americans, then White, then Hispanic, then Asian or Pacific Islander

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12
Q

Heart and Circulatory System

A

Cardiovascular System

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13
Q

Goal of Cardiovascular System

A

move fluid between cells throughout body and the organs that carry out exchange with the environment

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14
Q

The Function of Cardiovascular System

A

Transport of water, nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to cells throughout the body
Removal of metabolic wastes such as carbon dioxide, nitrogenous wastes
Also plays role in maintaining body temperature (thermoregulation) and fluid balance

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15
Q

3 Basic Components of the Cardiovascular System

A

circulatory fluid, set of interconnected vessels, and muscular pump

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16
Q

Vertebrate Cardiovascular System

A

Composed of: heart and blood vessels (arteries and veins)
Amazing length: total length of blood vessels in the
average human body is twice Earth’s circumference
Fast: in humans at rest, entire circuit takes about 20
seconds, faster during exertion
Integrated with respiratory, digestive, and endocrine systems

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17
Q

The Heart

A

Pumps blood in unidirectional flow through four chambers:
1. Right and Left atria
2. Right and Left ventricles

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18
Q

Cardiomyocytes

A

striated muscle cells found in cardiac tissue

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19
Q

Arteries

A

carry oxygenated blood from heart to organs throughout body; carry away
branch into vessels of smaller diameter called arterioles

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20
Q

Arterioles

A

terminate in tiny capillaries (microscopic vessels with very thin, porous walls)

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21
Q

Capillaries converge into

A

venules

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22
Q

Venules converge into

A

veins, which carry de-oxygenated blood back to heart; carry toward)

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23
Q

All blood vessels have cavity lined with an

A

endothelium (single layer of flattened epithelial cells)

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24
Q

The smooth endothelial layer

A

minimizes resistance to fluid flow

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25
The smooth muscle surrounding endothelium
helps regulate the path of blood flow
26
The outer layer of connective tissue contains
elastic fibers (allows the vessel to stretch & recoil) and collagen (provides strength)
27
Unlike arteries, veins contain valves. Why?
To maintain a unidirectional flow of blood despite lower blood pressure in vessels
28
Coronary arteries
supply blood to the heart muscle (myocardium)
29
Two principal coronary arteries branch off from the aorta:
Right coronary artery Left coronary artery
30
Coronary arteries
divide into smaller branches and provide vital blood supply to the myocardium
31
Because of the movement associated with the beating of the heart, coronary arteries
receive a great deal of strain as part of normal function.
32
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD):
an umbrella term that includes coronary artery disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke
33
Coronary artery disease (CAD):
damage to the coronary arteries, typically through the processes of atherosclerosis & arteriosclerosis
34
Restriction of blood flow
ischemia
35
Coronary heart disease (CHD):
damage to the myocardium as a result of insufficient blood supply
36
Myocardial infarction (MI):
‘heart attack’; blockage of a coronary artery, which shuts off blood flow and oxygen to the myocardium
37
Systolic blood pressure (the first number)
indicates how much pressure blood is exerting against artery walls when the heart beats/contracts.
38
Diastolic blood pressure (the second number)
indicates how much pressure blood is exerting against artery walls while the heart is resting/filling between beats.
39
Hypertension
“High blood pressure”
40
About _____ American adults (32%) have high blood pressure—that’s 1 in every 3 adults.
75 million
41
About ____ U.S. adults with high blood pressure still do not know that they have it (‘silent killer’)
1 in 5
42
Hypercholesteremia
“High Cholesterol”
43
Cholesterol is
a waxy, fat-like substance that is essential for human life as a component of cell membranes
44
Lipoproteins
a soluble protein that carries fat and lipids
45
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
carries cholesterol from the liver to the cells of the body Desirable range = < 130 mg/dl
46
High-density lipoprotein (HDL)
carries cholesterol from tissues back to the liver Desirable range = > 60 mg/dl
47
Total Cholesterol (TC) =
HDL + LDL + 20% of VLDL (aka. Triglycerides = the main form of fat in the body) Desirable range = < 200 mg/dl
48
Cholesterol/HDL ratio
Desirable range = lower than 5:1
49
Lumen
central space in an artery or vein in which blood flows
50
Vasoconstriction
narrowing of the blood vessels
51
Vasodilation
widening of the blood vessels
52
Atherosclerosis
a process, and refers to the buildup of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on artery walls, which can restrict blood flow
53
Atherosclerosis usually effects
medium to large vessels 1 mm-25 mm in diameter
54
Atherosclerosis is 1.
Precipitated by an irritant, such as: chemicals from tobacco smoke, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, etc., which upset the endothelium.
55
2. Endothelial dysfunction
endothelium (the barrier between what is flowing in the blood and the blood vessel itself) starts to break down, causing an injury to the blood vessel. INFLAMMATION!
56
3. LDL & fats traveling in blood will get into
tunica intima.
57
4. Monocytes traveling in blood sense something is wrong, enter the
intima layer, and differentiate into macrophages.
58
5. Macrophages begin to devour the LDL & fat and die from eating too much to become foam cells.
These Macrophages and foam cells are inside of a lake of LDL & fats within tunica intima, and resemble a “fatty streak”
59
6. Smooth muscle cells (SMC)
sense something is wrong and migrate over to the tunica intima space.
60
7. SMC wants to help and they make a fibrous cap
scab, which forms over the lake of fat that has now flowed out into the lumen.
61
8. The radius of the lumen has gotten
smaller, restricting blood flow.
62
9. Plaque may
calcify or rupture leading to a MI or other pathology.
63
Arteriosclerosis
Decrease the size of the lumen Occurs with increasing age Hypertension develops in many cases Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis often go hand in hand
64
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD):
an umbrella term that includes coronary artery disease, coronary heart disease, and stroke
65
Coronary heart disease (CHD):
damage to the myocardium as a result of insufficient blood supply
66
Myocardial infarction (MI):
‘heart attack’; blockage of a coronary artery, which shuts off blood flow and oxygen to the myocardium
67
Cardiovascular Rehabilitation Programs
Common Goals: Develop strategies and tools to help patients: Stop smoking Eat a low-fat and low-cholesterol diet Reduce and/or control weight Reduce or moderate alcohol intake Increase levels of physical activity Learn to modify psychosocial risk factors What were the psychosocial risk factors? i. Lack of social support ii. Anger and hostility iii. Stress, anxiety, and depression
68
What do people experience after a heart attack or other symptoms of CVD?
Depression, anxiety, anger, fear, guilt, and interpersonal conflict Above can decrease adherence to medication and lifestyle changes
69
What were the psychosocial risk factors?
Lack of social support Anger and hostility Stress, anxiety, and depression
70
What do people experience after a heart attack or other symptoms of CVD?
Depression, anxiety, anger, fear, guilt, and interpersonal conflict Above can decrease adherence to medication and lifestyle changes
71
Behavioral Factors in Cancer
Cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death in the US 1 of 3 adults will die of cancer, usually in old age
72
What is cancer?
A set of diseases in which abnormal body cells multiply and spread, forming a tumor A genetic (DNA) disease but most cancer types are not inherited!
73
Neoplastic cells
New and nearly unlimited growth that robs the host of nutrients “malignant”
74
Metastasis
Process by which malignant body cells proliferate and spread Staging: how advanced or how much metastases is observed
75
Carcinoma
epithelial cells that link the outer and inner surfaces of the body (i.e., prostate, breast, lung)
76
Sarcoma
muscles, bone, and cartilage
77
Lymphoma
Lymph system (i.e., Hodgkins and non-Hodgkins) `
78
Leukemia
blood and blood-producing systems (e.g., bone marrow)
79
Melanoma
Skin
80
Risk Factors for Cancer
Smoking Obesity Too much UV radiation Older Age Family history Alcohol Lack of physical activity
81
Protective Factors for Cancer:
Healthy diet Regular exercise Screenings, especially if there’s a family history Protect your skin with clothes and sunscreen Stand up regularly Don’t use tobacco products

Psychology of Health/Illness (1 decks)

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