Test #3 Study Guide Flashcards
(141 cards)
1
Q
Source Misattribution
A
distortion- memory distortion that occurs when people misremember where he/she encountered the information ex. -false fame effect -sleeper effect -cryptomnesia -source memory
2
Q
Suggestibility
A
distortion- the development of biased memories from misleading information
3
Q
Memory Bias
A
distortion- the changing of memories over time so that they come consistent with current beliefs/attitudes
4
Q
Flashbulb Memories
A
vivid episodic memories for circumstances in which people first learned of a surprising, consequential, or emotionally arousing event (ex. 9/11)
5
Q
False Fame Effect
A
?
6
Q
Sleeper Effect
A
highly credible sources are initially more influential, but over time the difference diminishes
7
Q
Cryptomnesia
A
a type of misattribution that occurs when a person thinks he/she has come up with a new idea, yet has only retrieved a stored idea and failed to attribute the idea to it’s proper source
8
Q
Source Memory
A
person shows memory for an event but cannot remember where he/she encountered the information
9
Q
Loftus “Lost in the Mall” Experiment
A
- told college kids three true stories and one false one and 5/24 chose wrong event as false memory
- ->memories can be distorted/implanted by false info
- made the false memory seem very memorable
10
Q
Loftus “Car Crash” Experiment
A
showed subjects video of car crash, asked different questions (hit vs. smashed) and the harsher word (“smashed”) resulted in a faster estimated speed during the collision
11
Q
What was Segret’s false memory?
A
getting kidnapped by gypsies at age 5
12
Q
What was Segret’s false memory?
A
getting kidnapped by gypsies at age 5
13
Q
Eyewitness Testimony: confidence vs. accuracy
A
having more confidence in an event normally means that the memory is false
extreme confidence = less accuracy
14
Q
Eyewitness Testimony: reasons for errors
A
- giving eyewitness lots of time for identification (longer = more uncertainty)
- presenting suspects in a lineup or asking witnesses to pick between options –> not comparing to memory
- cross-ethnic identification
- police officers may reinforce decisions
15
Q
Eyewitness Testimony: How to Improve
A
- show one suspect at a time
- ask for quick decision, face recognition should be quick
- don’t ask leading questions
- have presenter blind to condition/situation
- be suspicious of extreme confidence = less accuracy
16
Q
False Confessions
A
?
17
Q
False Confessions
A
believing you did something because someone else said you did
18
Q
What is social psychology?
A
how people think about, influence, and relate to other people
19
Q
Attribution Theory
A
how and why people explain events as they do
20
Q
What are types of attribution?
A
- Personal/Internal or Dispositional Attribution: refer to things within people, such as abilities, moods, or efforts (ex. hard work)
- Situational/External Attributions: refers to outside events, such as luck, accidents, or the actions of other people (ex.. bad calls by refs)
21
Q
What are types of attribution?
A
- Personal/Internal or Dispositional Attribution: refer to things within people, such as abilities, moods, or efforts (ex. hard work)
- Situational/External Attributions: refers to outside events, such as luck, accidents, or the actions of other people (ex.. bad calls by refs)
22
Q
Fundamental Attribution Error
A
occurs when we try to explain someone else’s behavior
-consistent tendency to make us look best (overemphasize personality traits and underestimate the situation)
23
Q
Self-Serving Bias
A
our failures –> attributed to situational, unstable, or uncontrollable factors in a way that casts us in positive light
our successes –> attributed to personal, permanent factors in a way that gives us credit for doing well
24
Q
Zimbardo Prison Study
A
groups of people brought in to role play guards and prisoners (no initial difference)
-guards became harsh with prisoners as they filled their role
25
Power of the Situation
?
26
Conformity
altering one's behaviors/opinions to match those of other people or the match other people's expectations
27
Asch Conformity Experiment
"visual perception study"
- everyone sits around table, only one real participant
- shown a standard line and must pick out one that is most similar --> all subjects choose "1" (when it is actually "2") and most participants will choose "1" as well to conform to the group consensus
- bigger group --> more conformity
28
Conditions that strengthen conformity
- social norms: expected standards of conduct
- larger group side
- group unanimity
29
Conditions that strengthen conformity
- social norms: expected standards of conduct
- larger group side
- group unanimity
30
Reasons for conforming
1. Normative Influence: occurs when we go along with the crowd to avoid looking foolish
2. Informative Influence: occurs when we assume that the behavior of the crown represents the correct way to respond
31
Reasons for conforming
1. Normative Influence: occurs when we go along with the crowd to avoid looking foolish
2. Informative Influence: occurs when we assume that the behavior of the crown represents the correct way to respond
32
Compliance
agreeing to a request made by others
33
Foot-In-The-Door effect
ask for something small, gradually work up to asking for something large
34
Door-In-The-Face effect
ask for something outrageous, come back with counter request that you actually wanted to begin with (now seems more "reasonable")
35
Obedience
following orders of an authority figure
36
Milgram Experiment
-interested in knowing why people obey orders, even to harm people
-read words to learner - wrong recitation? = shock with increasing voltage
RESULTS: 65% of subjects gave fatal shocks because experimenter tole them to, subjects said it was traumatic, but know to be more cautious now
37
When are we less likely to be obedient?
- when learner is in same room
- when experimenter is out of room = less authority
- less prestigious setting
- watch someone else say no
- teacher gets to choose shock level
38
When are we less likely to be obedient?
- when learner is in same room
- when experimenter is out of room = less authority
- less prestigious setting
- watch someone else say no
- teacher gets to choose shock level
39
Social Loafing
people work less hard when in a group than when alone
| -can be prevented by monitoring individuals efforts in group
40
Social Facilitation
tendency for people to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of other
41
Social Facilitation
tendency for people to perform better on simple tasks when in the presence of other
42
What is Zajoncs Model?
presence of others can enhance/impair performance
1. enhance if dominant response is relatively easy
2. impair if dominant response is difficult
43
What is Zajoncs Model?
presence of others can enhance/impair performance
1. enhance if dominant response is relatively easy
2. impair if dominant response is difficult
44
Deindividualization
removing individual identity, a state of reduced individuality, reduced self-awareness, and reduced attention to personal standards
45
Risky-Shift Effect
decisions made by a group tend to be more risky than ones made by individuals
46
Group polarization
- group position starts neutral
| - initial attitude of one or few members determine if the group position becomes riskier or more cautious
47
Groupthink
an extreme form of group polarization, results when group members are afraid to dissent, concerned about maintaining the group's cohesiveness
48
Attitudes
people's evaluations of objects, events, or ideas
49
Implicit vs. Explicit Attitudes
Implicit: attitudes that influence a person's feelings/behavior at an innocuous level
Explicit: attitudes a person can report
50
Cognitive Dissonance
an uncomfortable mental state due to a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior (ex. value your health, but still smoke)
51
How to stop dissonance
- change behavior (ex. quit smoking)
- change attitude (ex. "smoking's not so bad for me")
- trivialize the discrepancies (ex. "I don't smoke that much")
- rationalize away the conflict (ex. "I won't get sick")
52
Festinger Experiment
* Cognitive Dissonance
- participants did a boring task, were to tell others how enjoyable it was
- some paid $20, some paid $1 to lie about enjoyment
- ->results: $1 group said it was more interesting than $20 group, they changed their attitude
53
Post-Decisional Dissonance
automatic process, focus on positive aspects of chosen option and the negative aspects of the non-chosen option, avoids having regret (ex. new car over old car)
54
Insufficient Justification
way to change attitudes by changing behaviors first, using as few incentives as possible
55
By-stander Effect
failure to offer help by those who observe someone in need
56
"Good Samaritan" Study
-seminary student asked to talk about the "Good Samaritan" story, told they were late, ran, didn't NOTICE man in need of help on their way, ran by then because they were too focused on their task
57
"Smoke-Filled Room" Study
- ->Interpreting Event as an Emergency
- subjects waiting for experiment
- smoke begins to fill room
- IV: # of other people waiting in the room
- ->results: participants who were alone went quickest, when there were other people who didn't go it took longer
58
Communication Study
- ->Feeling Personal Responsibility
- subjects in cubicle are in communication with others via intercom
- one participant has a "seizure"
- IV: # of people in communication
- DV: how long it took to go for help
- ->results: alone = personal responsibility and quickest to go get help
59
Diffusion of Responsibility
more people available to help, you are less likely to help
60
What is Segret's favorite artist?
Turner (the painter)
61
What is Segret's greatest childhood memory?
going to the beach
62
What are the criteria for diagnosing a psychological disorder?
1. Atypical
2. Disturbing
3. Maladaptive
63
Atypical
rare, deviates from cultural norms for acceptable behavior (ex. Aaron Hernandez- football player who murdered friend, guilty, laughing in court, lack of remorse, no emotion)
-->atypical isn't enough
64
Disturbing
causes discomfort and concern to oneself or to others, impairs a person's social relationships
-->disturbing is not enough (ex. Miley Cyrus)
65
Maladaptive
interferes with daily functioning
66
Maladaptive
interferes with daily functioning, self-destructive
67
DSM-5
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual - describes observable symptoms of psychological disorders
68
Problems with DSM-5
- doesn't account for overlap or co-morbitity between disorders
- categorical diagnosis: either/or, not a continuum
- diagnosis can be subjective
- based on symptoms, not underlying causes
- labels affect perceptions
69
Problems with DSM-5
- doesn't account for overlap or co-morbidity between disorders
- categorical diagnosis: either/or, not a continuum
- diagnosis can be subjective
- based on symptoms, not underlying causes
- labels affect perceptions
70
comorbidity
?
71
diatheses stress model
a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event
72
Rosenhan Study: Being Sane in Unsane Places
- graduate students didn't bathe for one week
- admit themselves to mental institution - diagnosed with schizophrenia
- normal behavior ignored/interpreted as abnormal
- released only by promising to take anti-psychotic meds
- -> avg stay in institution was 19 days
73
Rosenhan Study: Being Sane in Unsane Places
- graduate students didn't bathe for one week
- admit themselves to mental institution - diagnosed with schizophrenia
- normal behavior ignored/interpreted as abnormal
- released only by promising to take anti-psychotic meds
- -> avg stay in institution was 19 days
74
Rosenhan Study: Being Sane in Unsane Places
- graduate students didn't bathe for one week
- admit themselves to mental institution - diagnosed with schizophrenia
- normal behavior ignored/interpreted as abnormal
- released only by promising to take anti-psychotic meds
- -> avg stay in institution was 19 days
75
What are types of testing for psychological disorders?
1. Rorschach
2. TAT
3. Beck Depression Inventory
4. projective tests
5. evidence-base tests
76
diatheses stress model
disorder resulting from diathesis (underlying vulnerability) and stress (precipitating event)
-possible vulnerabilities: genetics, prenatal problems, childhood events, differences in brain activity/structure
77
What are types of testing for psychological disorders?
1. Rorschach
2. TAT
3. Beck Depression Inventory
4. projective tests
5. evidence-base tests
78
Rorschach Test
- projective test
- shows ambiguous stimuli, ask pt what they see
- problem: it's useless, no relationship between what they see and a psychological disorder
79
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- ambiguous social situation shown, told to create a story from image
- problem: it's useless, no relationship between what they see and a psychological disorder
80
Beck Depression Inventory
- questions about mental state/feelings about self
| - good at identifying depression
81
Subjective Assessments
Problem: individual clinicians often choose assessment procedures based on their subjective beliefs and training rather than based on scientific studies
*Non-valid assessments: projective tests (have not been shown to be helpful in predicting kinds of treatment that are useful
82
Evidence-Based Assessments
- clinical evaluations supported by research
| * valid assessment: Beck
83
Gender Differences
Internalizing Disorders: characterized by negative emotions (ex. major depression, panic disorders, anxiety disorders) --> more in women
Externalizing Disorders: characterized by disinhibition (ex. drug/alcohol abuse, conduct disorders, antisocial behavior) --> more in men
84
Gender Differences
Internalizing Disorders: characterized by negative emotions (ex. major depression, panic disorders, anxiety disorders) --> more in women
Externalizing Disorders: characterized by disinhibition (ex. drug/alcohol abuse, conduct disorders, antisocial behavior) --> more in men
85
Anxiety Disorders
excessive anxiety in the absence of true danger
- 25% lifetime prevalence
- types: specific phobia, social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder
* more common in women
86
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
a diffuse state of constant anxiety not associated with any specific object or event
- 6% of population
- symptom: hypervigilance- results in distractibility, fatigue, irritability, and sleep problems, as well as headaches, restlessness, lightheadedness, and muscle pain
87
Inhibited Temperament
tendency to avoid unfamiliar people and novel objects
| -seen in early life/childhood
88
Panic Disorder
sudden overwhelming attacks of terror
- linked with increased suicide risk
- can be triggered by marijuana use
- 3% of population
89
Agoraphobia
fear of not being able to escape the situation
| -ex. fear of leaving home
90
Agoraphobia
fear of not being able to escape the situation
| -ex. fear of leaving home
91
Specific Phobia
fear of a specific object or situation
| -12-13% of population
92
Social Anxiety Disorder
fear of being negatively evaluated by others
93
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
caused by obsessions and compulsions
1. obsessions: recurrent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts/ideas/mental images
2. particular acts that the OCD patient feels driven to perform over and over again (ex. repeatedly washing hands)
- 2% of population
- negative reinforcement cycle: compulsions take away anxiety --> increase of behavior happening again
94
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
caused by obsessions and compulsions
1. obsessions: recurrent, intrusive, and unwanted thoughts/ideas/mental images
2. particular acts that the OCD patient feels driven to perform over and over again (ex. repeatedly washing hands)
- 2% of population
- negative reinforcement cycle: compulsions take away anxiety --> increase of behavior happening again
95
Causes of OCD
Learning:
-classical conditioning: anxiety paired to specific event
-operant conditioning: anxiety reduced by engaging in a particular behavior
Biological:
-genetics
-brain structures: caudate, a structure involved in suppressing impulses, is smaller and structural abnormalities
-environmental factors: strep infection
96
Causes of anxiety disorders
cognitive: perception/memory of events/objects
situational: learned factors
biological: genetic temperament, brain activity
97
Causes of anxiety disorders
cognitive: perception/memory of events/objects
situational: learned factors
biological: genetic temperament, brain activity
98
Cognitive Components of Anxiety Disorders
Perception: see neutral/ambiguous situations as threatening
Attention: focus excessive attention on perceived threats
Selective Memory: recall threatening events more easily, exaggerate
99
Situational Components of Anxiety Disorders
- Pavlovian/Observational Learning
| - learned fear can generalize to other situations
100
Biological Components of Anxiety Disorders
- genetics
- inhibited temperamental style
- brain differences: greater activation of amygdala (fear processing)
101
Major Depression Symptoms
- severe negative moods
- lack of interest in normally pleasurable activities
- changes in sleep/appetite
- difficulty concentrating
- fatigue, decreased energy
- thoughts of suicide
102
How is depression linked to brain changes?
- increased blood flow to frontal cortex/amygdala
- decreased blood flow to areas implicated with attention
- cortex of right hemisphere is thinner
- lower activity in left hemisphere
103
What are gender differences with depression?
More diagnosed in women:
- men may not seek help
- may reflect endocrine physiology, related to reproductive cycle
- postpartum depression
104
How is depression linked to sleep?
Sleep is altered by depression:
- stage 3 sleep is reduced
- pts enter REM sleep quickly with increase of REM at beginning of sleep
- ->Seasonal Affective Disorder: affects seasonal rhythms (treating insomnia can treat depression)
105
Dysthymia
form of depression that is not severe enough to be diagnosed as major depression
- 3% of population
- lasts long time (avg 5-10 years)
- ->many classify it as personality disorder b/c of length
106
Bipolar Disorder
characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania
- 4% lifetime prevalence
- affects men/women equally
- ->linked to increased creativity
107
Bipolar Disorder
characterized by alternating periods of depression and mania
- 4% lifetime prevalence
- affects men/women equally
- ->linked to increased creativity
108
Schizophrenia
characterized by a split between thought and emotion
- psychosis: split from reality
- NOT split personality
109
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Positive Symptoms: abnormal behaviors that are gained (ex. hallucinations, delusions, excited motor behavior)
Negative Symptoms: result of lost functions (ex. slow thought/speech, emotional/social withdrawal, blunted (no) affect or emotional expression)
110
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Positive Symptoms: abnormal behaviors that are gained (ex. hallucinations, delusions, excited motor behavior)
Negative Symptoms: result of lost functions (ex. slow thought/speech, emotional/social withdrawal, blunted (no) affect or emotional expression)
111
Biological Causes of Schizophrenia
- Genetics
- Neurochemistry: abnormality in neurotransmitters increase dopamine
- Brain Differences: enlarged ventricles in brain, hypofrontality, decreased gray matter)
112
transience
forgetting- reduced memory over time
113
blocking
forgetting- inability to remember needed information
114
absentmindedness
forgetting- reduced memory due to failing to pay attention
115
persistence
undesirable- the resurgence of unwanted or disturbing memories that we would like to forget
116
proactive interference
old information inhibits the ability to remember new information
117
retroactive interference
new information inhibits the ability to remember old information
118
amnesia
a deficit in long term memory, resulting from disease, brain injury, or psychological trauma, in which the individual loses the ability to retrieve vast quantities of information from long-term memory
119
retrograde vs. anterograde amnesia
retrograde- loss of old memories
| anterograde- loss of ability to form new memories
120
source amnesia
a form of misattribution that occurs when a person has a memory for an event but cannot remember where he/she encountered the information
121
confabulation
the unintended false recollection of episodic memories, recall mistaken facts
122
justifying effort
resolving of dissonance by inflating the importance of the group/their commitment to it (ex. hazing)
123
dissonance
lack of agreement
124
altruism
providing help when it is needed, without any apparent reward for doing so
125
Kitty Genovese case
young woman savagely attacked for half an hour, none of the 38 witnesses called police or tried to help
126
etiology
factors that contribute to the development of a disorder
127
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
questionnaire for psychological assessment developed in the 1930s
128
Dissociative Disorders
disruptions of identity, memory, or conscious awareness
129
Dissociative Amnesia
a person forgets that an event happened or loses awareness of a substantial block of time
130
Dissociative Identity Disorder
- ->formally called multiple personality disorder
| - occurence of two or more distinct identities in the same individual
131
loosening of associations
a speech pattern among some people with schizophrenia in which their thoughts are disorganized/meaningless
132
Antisocial Personality Disorder
a personality disorder that is marked by a lack of empathy/remorse
133
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
a pattern of hyperactive, inattentive, an impulsive behavior that causes social or academic impairment
134
Autistic Disorder
characterized by unresponsiveness, impaired language, social, and cognitive development; and restricted and repetitive behavior
135
Elimination Disorders
the repeated passing of feces or urination in inappropriate places by children who should be continent
136
Learning Disorders
marked by substantially low performance in reading, math, or writing with regard to what is expected for age
137
Mental Retardation
characterized by below-average intellectual functioning (IQ lower than 70) and limited adaptive functioning that begins before age 18
138
Selective Mutism
failure to speak in certain social situations, despite ability to speak in others
139
Tourette's Disorder
recurrent motor and vocal tics that cause marked distress or impairment and are not related to a general medical condition
140
dialectical behavior therapy
a form of therapy used to treat borderline personality disorder, cognitive + behavioral treatments
1. target pts most extreme and dysfunctional behaviors
- ->replace these with positive ones
2. aid pt to explore past traumatic experiences which may be the root of emotional problems
3. help pt develop self-respect/independent problem-solving
141
applied behavioral analysis
an intensive treatment for autism, based on operant conditioning (behaviors that are reinforced should increase, those that are not reinforced should diminish)
