Test 3 stuff to remember Flashcards
(227 cards)
1
Q
embryonic layer the nervous system develops from; what about notocord?
A
ectoderm
notocord- mesoderm
2
Q
post-central gyrus is primarily ___, while the pre-central gyrus is primarily ___.
A
sensory, motor
3
Q
type of cells that make CSF
A
ependymal glial cells
4
Q
major components of the basal ganglia
A
caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus
5
Q
forebrain parts and name
A
prosencephalon- telecephalon (cerebral cortex + bg) & diencephalon (thalamus & hypothalamus)
6
Q
midbrain parts and name
A
mesencephalon
7
Q
hindbrain parts and name
A
rhombencephalon- metencephalon (pons, cerebellum), myelencephalon (medulla)
8
Q
3 main flexures
A
cervical (spinal cord and hindbrain)
pontine (metencephalon and myelincephalon)
cephalic (hind brain and midbrain)
9
Q
3 layers of neural tube
A
ventricular, mantle (grey), marginal (white)
10
Q
above sulcus limitans
A
alar plate- sensory
11
Q
below (ventral) to sulcus limitans
A
basal plate- motor
12
Q
dorsal to ventral spinal cord
A
GSA–>GVA–>GVE–>GSE
13
Q
3 types of spina bifida
A
occulta, cystica, rachischisis
14
Q
meningocele
A
meninges push through openings, spinal cord still may be in vetebrae
15
Q
meningomyelocele
A
spinal cord is pushed out into the opening
16
Q
exencephaly
A
failure of cephalic neural tube to close, can lead to anacephaly
17
Q
hydrocephalus
A
abnormal accumulation of CSF within the ventricular system due to a blockage in the aqueduct of sylvius
18
Q
Chiari
A
displacement of cerebellum through foramen magnum
19
Q
microcephaly
A
lack of brain development leading to small cranial vault
20
Q
at the junction between the ___ and the ____, the two vertebrals turn into the _____
A
medulla & pons, basilar
21
Q
two major blood suppliers of the brain
A
vertebral
internal carotid (anterior- longitudinal fissure; middle- sylvian fissure)
22
Q
the BBB is found at the junction between _____, which becomes known as _____
A
ependymal cells and pia; choroid epithelium
23
Q
T/F - the dura shares a blood supply with the brain - the dura is pain sensitive - arachnoid contains venous sinuses - spinal cord has epidural space - brain has epidural space
A
FALSE TRUE (trigeminal, c2/c3) FALSE- venous sinuses are in dura TRUE FALSE
24
Q
how does CSF leave the brain?
A
through outpouchings of the sub-arachnoid space called arachnoid granulation, and specific arachnoid vili which are porous
25
specialized ependymal cells close to pia are called
choroid epithelium
26
components of choroid plexus
leaky blood vessels scattered pia choroid epithelium (ependymal cells)
27
where does choroid plexus NOT exist
anterior & posterior horns of lateral ventricles- too much brain meat
28
2 circumventricular organs (chemosensitive zones)
area postrema (sensory- triggers vomiting) neurohypophsis (secretory)
29
contains the two foramen of Luschka
4th ventricle
30
where is the area postrema located
floor of the 4th ventricle
31
what artery does motor & sensory strips & caudate & putamen
anterior cerebral (off of internal carotid)
32
arteries that make up circle of wilis
anterior cerebral anterior communicating internal carotid posterior communicating posterior cerebral
33
vertebral blood flow
subclav --\> vetebral --\> basilar --\> posterior cerebral
34
derivatives of neural crest cells
autonomic ganglion dorsal root ganglion & cranial nerve sensory adrenal medullary cells schwann cells melanocytes
35
dorsal column pathway (DCP) transmits
2 point discrimination, vibration, proprioception, GSA
36
important broadman's areas
sensory- 312
motor- 4
vision- 17
auditory cortex- 41 & 42
37
lateral spinothalamic tract transmits
itch, pain, and temperature
38
dorsal spinocerebellar tract (SCT) transmits
unconscious proprioceptive information to the cerebellum
39
ventral spinocerebellar tract transmits
information about interneurons; only thing that uses superior cerebellar peduncle
40
nucleus proprius is where 1st order neurons terminate in ___ tract
spinothalamic tract (pain)
41
Area 312 is where which tracts terminate
spinothalamic tract & dorsal column pathway (touch)
42
area 4 is where which tract originates
corticospinal tract
43
which tracts cross in the cord
spinothalamic, ventral spinocerebllar tract (interneurons) and ACST?
44
medial leminiscus is where 2nd order fibers of which pathway ascend to VPL
dorsal column pathway
45
nucleus dorsalis/Clark's nucleus is where the 2nd order neruons being in which pathway
dorsal spinocerebellar tract - unconcious proprioception
46
ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus is where which fibers synapse
NONE (that we've studied)!! all in VPL
47
pyramid of medulla is where axons of the ___ pathway travel through
corticospinal tract
48
which tracts cross in medulla
corticospinal tract, dorsal column pathway
49
medial and lateral motor nuclei
CST (corticospinal tract- only descending!)
50
IML
sympathetics
51
ICP
SCT, CCT
52
What is this spinal cord level?
S2
53
What is this spinal cord level?
C8
54
What is this spinal cord level?
C2/T10
55
What is this spinal cord level?
L3
56
Mnemonic for nuclei products
See Ralph's substantially dopey blue knees
57
2 key nuclei of basal forebrain (Ach)
Meynert (to cerebellum) and Septal nuclei (to hippocampus)
destruction may lead to Alzheimers
58
A useful mnemonic for remembering the relationships in the spinal cord is
SAME-DAVE (sensory-afferent, motor-efferent; dorsal-afferent, ventral-efferent)
59
free nerve endings
non-encapsulatedslow adaptingpain/tempdeep skin, viscera
60
merkel's disk
non-encapsulatedslow adaptingtouchfeet/hands/genetalia/lips
61
hair follicle
non-encapsulatedfast adaptingtouchhair
62
meissner's corpuscle
encapsulatedfast adapting2 pt discriminationskin/fingertips/joints
63
pancinian corpuscle
encapsulatedfast adaptingvibrationfingers/toes/mesenteries
64
ruffini's ending
encapsulatedslow adaptingstretch, pressuredermis
65
joint receptor
encapsulatedslow adaptingjoint positionjoint capsules/ligaments
66
nueromuscular spindle
encapsulatedslow adaptinglimb muscle stretch/lengthmuscle
67
golgi tendon organs
encapsulatedslow adaptingmuscle tensionmuscle tendons
68
action of tensor tympani, innervation, attachment
pressure regulator; gradual accommodation of hearing; pulls malleus back off tympanic membrane; done by 5; malleus
69
action of stapedius, innervation, attachment
attaches to neck of stapes, reflexive adaptation, done by 7; stapedius
70
3 ways to transduce
air- not efficient
osseous- bone conduction
ossicular- air conduction \*\* most efficient
71
organization of tonotopic map
base- stiffest- highapex- loose- low
72
bending towards kinocilium
increase K+, depolarize
73
bending away from kinocilium
decrease K+, hyperpolarize
74
phase locking- sudden stop
hyperpolarization
75
phase locking- sudden onset
burst of APs
76
ways to localize sound
interaural differences, changes in pitch and intensity
77
wernickes area
comprehension
78
broaca's area
speech production
79
what connects wernicke's and brocas?
arcuate fasiculus
80
auditory pathway
basilar membrane (spiral ganglion) --\> cochlear nuclei --\> SON (bilateral)--\> lateral lemniscus--\> IC --\>MGN --\> herschel's gyrus ( transverse temporal lobe)
81
Conduction deafness
Normal responses to bone conduction, but impaired air (ossicular) conduction responses (ear infection, overgrowth of temporal bone); affects lower frequencies
82
Sensorineural deafness
Characterized by loss of both air and bone conduction, affecting higher frequencies most often; hair cell damage (too much loud noise)
83
Neural deafness
unilateral hearing loss; lesion of auditory nerve; acoustic neuroma; lesions at the levelof the cochlear nuclei or of the auditory nerve
84
Central deafness
normally bilateral; difficulty locating a sound on the contralateral side of the head
85
2/3 things required for balance
vestibular system, visual system, proprioceptive system
86
pathway for vestibular sensation
hair cell -\> bipolar cell -\> vestibular ganglion (inferior & superior\*\*\*) -\> CNVIII -\> vestibular nuclei (lateral/medial/superior/inferior) -\> MLF (ascending & descending) vestibular ganglion --\> vestibular nuclei & cerebellum --\> MVST and LVST --\> ventral horn cells or MLF --\> nuclei of 3, 4, 6
87
1\* and 2\* afferents of vestibular system
1\*- vestibular nuclei2\* cerebellum/spinal cord/brainstem/ thalamic & cortical areas
88
types of eye movements
vestibulo-occular (eyes opposite head)nystagus (oscilating)smooth pursuitsaccadevergence- following moving objects
89
provoke nystagmus
COWS (cold opposite, warm same)
90
differences between DCP & STT
1. STT cells are post-synaptic2. STT axons cross spinal cord and then ascend3. DCP projects to thalamus; STT projects to brainstem, thalamus, reticular formation, hypothalamus4. both project contralaterally; STT has ipsilateral connections as well
91
hearing pathway in Dr. D's words
Sound stimulates hair cells (receptors) of the Organ of Corti in the cochlea and impulses are carried along bipolar neurons with their cell bodies in the spiral ganglion to the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei of the medulla (hearing).
92
two spinal cord enlargments
cervical- C8lumbar- L3
93
3 funiculii
posterior, lateral, anterior
94
the thalamic nuclei: basal ganglia, cerebellum
VA/VL (ventral anterior/ventral lateral) - motor areas
95
the thalamic nuclei: medial lemniscus, STT (spinal)
VPL - somatosensory cortex
96
the thalamic nuclei: medial lemniscus, STT (trigeminal)
VPM- somatosensory cortex
97
brachium of the inferior colliculus
(MGN) medial geniculate thalamic nuclei- auditory cortex (transverse temporal gyri)
98
optic tract
(LGN) lateral geniculate thalamic nuclei - visual cortex
99
mammilothalamic tract
anterior thalamic nuclei (cingulate gyrus)
100
major subdivisions of diencephalon
HEDSepithalamus (pineal, stria medullaris), dorsal thalamus, subthalamus (subthalamic nucleus)hypothalamus
101
major subdivisions of dorsal thalamus
MITrI
internal medullary lamina (anterior, medial, lateral)
intralaminar nuclei
thalamic reticular nuclei
midline nuclei
102
3 functional groups of the thalamus
specific/relay nuclei
association nuclei
non-specific
103
association nuclei parts of the thalamus
lateral posterior, pulvinar, dorsomedial
104
non-specific nuclei parts of thalamus
intralaminar & thalamic reticular
105
groupings of LMN
medial- axial muscleslateral- distaldorsal- flexorventral-extensor
106
what to LMNs release?
acetylcholine (onto nicotinic receptors)
107
motor unit
all muscle fibers innervated by a LMN
108
size principle
LMNs are recruited in order of size & force (S-unit recruited first)
109
upper motor neurons are part of which tracts
corticospinal and corticobulbular neurons
110
type of muscle fiber
s- I- red- more mitochondria & capillaries
fr- IIa- white
ff- IIb- white
111
4 control systems of lower motor neurons in the spinal cord
reflex & pattern generators
descending pathways (e.g. CST)
higher cortical centers
bg and cerebellum (planning)
112
neurotransmitter of CST
glutamate (all excitatory)
113
part of internal capsule CST passes through
posterior limb
114
lesion of CST in internal capsule affects the ___ side; affects \_\_\_\_\_
contralateral ; dexterity
115
where does the anterior corticospinal tract (ACST) come from?
the 10% of CST fibers that don't cross
116
characteristics of upper vs. lower MN damage
upper- spastic paralysis- stiff, hyper-reflexive, positive babinski
lower-flaccid paralysis- weak, small muscle
117
which CN's have NO corticobulbar innervation
3, 4, 6 (eyes!)
118
corticobulbar tract descends ___ to the CST
anterior
119
laterallity of UMNs for cranial nerve nuclei
7 for lower face- unilateral
5, 12- weakly bilateral
7 for upper face, 9, 10- bilateral
120
CBT descends via the ___ of the internal capsule
genu
121
striatum is made up of
caudate and putamen (& NAcc)
122
lentiform nucleus is made up of
putamen and globus pallidus
123
input vs. output neurotransmitters of the basal ganglion
input- excitatory- glutamate
output- inhibitory- GABA
124
BG circuits
motor loop- learned movements
occulomotor loop- voluntary saccades
cognitive loop- motor intention
limbic loop- emotional
"Mighty obvious cognitive loops"
125
globus pallidus projects to the thalamus via the
ansa lenticularis
126
the predominant neurons of the striatal system are
GABAergic
127
afferents (and 1 efferent) of inferior cerebellar peduncle
inferior olivary nucleus
vestibular nucleus
spinal cord
vestibular nuclei
128
afferent & efferent of superior cerebllar peduncle
ASCT
deep cerebellar nuclei
129
3 layers of the cerebellum
molecular, purkinje, granular
130
deep cerebellar nuclei
fastigial nucleus
interposed nuclei
dentate nucleus
FID
131
where does the fastigial nucleus go?
vestibular nuclei & MLF
132
input of fastigial nucleus
flocculonodular & vermis lobe
133
input of interposed nucleus
medial hemisphere
134
where does interposed nucleus go?
red nucleus to rubrospinal tract (x2)
135
where does the dentate project to?
red nucleus to thalamus (VL) and inferior olive - CLIMBING FIBERS
136
input of dentate nucleus
lateral hemisphere
137
mossy fibers synapse on \_\_\_, which sends off \_\_\_\_\_
granular cell, parallel fiber
138
climbing fibers come from
contralateral inferior olivary nucleus
139
climbing fibers are excitatotry/inhibitory while purkinje cells excite/inhibit deep nuclei
excitatory, inhibit
140
which causes more excitation, mossy fibers or climbing fibers
climbing fiber
141
direct pathway involves internal/external globus pallidus
internal
142
types of cortex
neocortex- most of cortex (6 layers) archicortex- hippocampus paleocortex telencephalon base, olfactory
143
role of reticular system; where are they located
adjusts the responsiveness of the brain/coordinating system between sensory and motor; located within the brainstem
144
characteristics of pyramidal cells
- long apical & basal dendrites;
- are the axons which LEAVE the cortex;
- excitatory (glutamate)
- have dendritic spines that are selectively modified by learning
145
agranular vs. granular areas of the cortex
large pyramidal (5) vs. small neuron
146
where things cross- frontal lobe
genu/anterior CC
147
where things cross- parietal lobe
posterior CC
148
where things cross- occipital lobe & and part of temporal
splenium of the CC
149
where things cross- temporal lobe & olfactory system
anterior commissure
150
examples of primary neocortical areas
primary motor, primary somatosensory, primary visual, primary auditory
151
unimodal association examples
premotor cortex, supplementary motor, somatosensory, visual
152
multimodal association areas
parieto-occipital-temporal region, prefrontal areas, limbic areas
153
an example of disconnection syndrome
alexia without agraphia
154
which areas have fibers that do not cross in the CC
hands, area 17 (vision), temporal lobe that goes through AC
155
role of cerebral cortex
analyze, plan, and initiate responses
156
broca's lesion
non-fluent verbal fluency poor repetitiongood verbal comprehensionpoor verbal naming
157
wernicke's lesion
fluent verbal fluency poor repetitionpoor comprehensionpoor verbal naming
158
conduction lesion
fluent verbal fluency poor repetitiongood comprehensionpoor verbal naming
159
ARAS role
level of alertness, sleep-wake rhythms, startle reactions
160
definition of consciousness
a state of self-awareness in which it is possible to direct and manipulate abstract ideas
161
lateral hypothalamus produces \_\_\_\_\_, which \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
orexin, stabilizes wake states & keeps REM from occurring
162
body's internal clock
SCN
163
what type of CNS neurons have the largest territorial distribuation?
serotonergic projections
164
role of sleep
consolidation, growth, restoration
165
areas the brainstem acts on to promote sleep
basal forebrain, hypothalamus, thalamus
166
symptoms of MS, pathway affected
demyelination of MLF, babinski sign, double vision
167
role of hypothalamus
maintaining homeostasis; visceral function (feeding, drinking, autonomic and endocrine functions, sexual and emotional behavior)
168
important nuclei of the hypothalamus
arcuate nucleus (stress) SCN (bio clock)PVN (hormones) mamillary nucleus (memory)
169
inputs to the hypothalamus
fornix (memory)
stria terminalis (amygdala)
medial forebrain bundle (VTA/mesolimbic- dopamine)
170
3 important monoamines
dopamine, norepinephrine, seratonin
171
2 dopaminergic systems
nigrostriatal, mesolimbic (VTA)
172
the ____ connects the hippocampus and hypothalamus
fornix
173
papez circuit
mammillary body of hypothalamus --\> anterior nucleus of the thalamus --\> cingulate gyrus --\> hippocampus
174
function of the papez circuit
limbic regulation/ emotion
175
added on to papez circuit
amygdala, prefrontal cortex, association cortex, hypothalamus
176
pituitary is controlled by hypothalamus; have direct vs. indirect pituitary control
posterior (neurohypophysis) vs. anterior (adenohypohysis)
177
servomechanism
hypothalamus determines set point, has controlling elements and feedback detectors
178
types of biological rythms
ultradian, circadian, infradian, circannual
179
which part of the hypothalamus is right next to the posterior cerebral artery (PCA)?
mammillary body- get double vision
180
injury to temporal lobe causes which visual field defect
pie in the sky
181
if the PCA knocks out the cerebral cortex, you get which visual defect
macular sparing
182
bony shell which forms cochlea
modilous
183
what gyrus is right above corpus callosum and what does it do? what is it continuous with?
cingulate gyrus; is part of limbic cortex, connects with entorhinal cortex which projects back to hippocampus
184
what divides the occipital lobe
calcarine sulcus
185
function of superior parietal lobule
integration of sensory and motor functions (lesion you get apraxia- can conduct purposeful movements)
186
temporal gyri
superior- auditory
middle- motion
inferior- faces
187
What suspend brain in cranial cavity?
arachnoid trabeculae
188
course of CSF
ventricles --\> medial and lateral apertures (magendi and lushka) --\> cisterns --\> tentorial notch --\> arachnoid villi --\> venous sinuses
189
Blockage of PCA leads to which disorder?
Wallenberg syndrome or lateral medullary syndrome
## Footnote
(ipsilateral loss of pain from face, ipsilateral horners, contralateral loss of pain from the body)
190
which part of the vestibular system is continuous with the cochlea?
saccule
191
cerebral aqueduct is in which part of the brain?
mesencephalon
192
the romberg sign (stand with closed eyes) tests which pathway?
dorsal column
193
lesions of cerebellum lead to deficits on the
same side
194
lesions of cerebrum lead to deficits on the
opposite side
195
function of CN 3, 4, 6
extraoccular eye movements
196
function of CN 5
sensory and motor innervation fo the face a muscles of mastication`
197
function of CN 7
muscles of facial expression
198
function of CN 8v
otolithic organs, SSC, hair celss
199
function of CN 8c
cochlear nuclei, central auditory pathway (MGN & Herschl's gyrus)
200
function of CN 9
baroreflex circuity (blood pressure), swallowing
201
function of CN 10
visceral function
202
mesencephalic nucleus
sens nuc 5- jaw jerk reflex
203
spinal nucleus
sensory nuc 5- pain and temp for head (7,9, 10 for ear pinna); like STT
204
main sensory
sensory nuc 5- similar to dorsal column, relays position, vibration, 2 pt discrimination for head
205
3 parts of sensory trigeminal
mesencephalic, main sensory, spinal
206
broca's is in which region
inferior frontal
207
cuneatus cutoff in spinal cord
T6 (between nipples- T4, and umbilicus- T10)
208
disorders of ascending pathways (DCP, STT, SCT, CST)
DCP- positive rhomberg- tapes dorsalis
STT- meduallary stroke- wallenberg
dSCT- muscular weakness/abnormal gait- freidrich's ataxia
CST- spastic vs flaccid paralysis, ALS
209
Romberg sign
stand with feet together, eyes closed(positive for sensory ataxia, not cerebellar ataxia)
210
superior cerebellar peduncles desscuate in the
caudal midbrain
211
order of stuff in cochlea
scala vestibuli on top of reisner's membrane on top of cochlear duct split by tectorial membrane on top of basilar membrane on top of scala tympani
212
neither eye responds to light on damaged side represents damage of which CN?
optic nerve (2)
213
a damaged pupil doesn't respond to light on either side represents damage of which CN?
occulomotor (3)
214
accommodation reflex
- vergence- medial recti
- thickening of lens- ciliary mucsle contraction
- constriction of the pupils
215
what cortical layer is greatly expanded in the primary visual cortex compared to all others?
4 (input layer)
216
3 main components of amygdala
medial- olfactory
central- hypothalamus, PAG- visceral sensory input
basolateral- link experiencing emotion & expression- major input
217
bilateral lesion of the amygdala leads to what syndrome (or lesion in this lobe)
Kluver-Bucy (docile, hyperoral, hypersexual)
anterior temporal lobe
218
where do efferents from the amygdala to the thalamus end
dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus
219
main output of the hippocampus to the hypothlamus
fornix to mammillary bodies (which projects to anterior nucleus of the thalamus via the mamilothalamic tract)
220
lesion of the hippocampus results in
anterograde amnesia (difficulty forming new memories)
Alzheimer's (cell loss in basal nucleus of meynert)
221
lack of B1's effect on hippocampus
wernicke-kosrsakoff syndrome
(wenicke's encephalopathy- acute
korsakoff's amnesic- chronic)
222
how do fibers leave the amygdalofugal pathway (DM thalamus)
stria terminalis & ventral
223
transition between hippocampus proper and temporal lobe neocortex
subiculum
224
mediates between hippocampal gyrus and association cortex
parahippocampal gyrus (entorhinal cortex)
225
role of mammillary nuceli of the hypothalamus
spatial memory/position of head in space
226
pathway of CSF
CSF made in ventricles --\> median & lateral apertures --\> cisterns --\> tentorial notch --\> subarachnoid space --\> arachnoid villi to venous sinuses
227
upper motor neuron injury
spastic
positive babinski
hyper-reflexia
increased tone
