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Genetics > Test #3 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Test #3 Vocabulary Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

Transition

A

Base substitution in which a purine replaces a purine or a pyrimidine replaces a pyrimidine

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2
Q

Transversion

A

Base substitution in which a purine replaces a pyrimidine or a pyrimidine replaces a purine

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3
Q

Insertion

A

Addition of one or more nucleotides

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4
Q

Deletion

A

Deletion of one or more nucleotides

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5
Q

Frame-shift mutation

A

Insertion or deletion that alters the reading frame of a gene

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6
Q

In-frame deletion or insertion

A

Deletion or Insertion of a multiple of three nucleotides that does not alter the reading frame

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7
Q

Expanding nucleotide repeats

A

Increases the number of copies of a set of nucleotides

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8
Q

Forward mutation

A

Changes the wild-type phenotype to a mutant phenotype

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9
Q

Reverse mutation

A

Changes a mutant phenotype back to the wild-type phenotype

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10
Q

Missense mutation

A

Changes a sense codon into a different sense codon , resulting in the incorporation of a different amino acid in the protein

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11
Q

Nonsense mutation

A

Changes a sense codon into nonsense (stop) codon, causing premature termination of translation

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12
Q

Silent mutation

A

Changes a sense codon into a synonymous codon, leaving the amino acid sequence of the protein unchanged

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13
Q

Neutral mutation

A

Changes the amino acid sequence of a protein without altering its ability to function

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14
Q

Loss-of-function

A

Causes a complete or partial loss of function

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15
Q

Gain-of-function

A

Causes the appearance of a new trait or function or causes the appearance of a trait in inappropriate tissue or at an inappropriate time

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16
Q

Lethal Mutation

A

Causes premature death

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17
Q

Supressor mutation

A

Suppresses the effect of an earlier mutation at a different time

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18
Q

Intragenic suppressor mutation

A

Suppresses the effect of an earlier mutation within the same gene

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19
Q

Intergenic suppressor mutation

A

Suppresses the effect of an earlier mutation in another gene

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20
Q

Go phase

A

Stable non dividing period of variable length

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21
Q

G1 phase

A

growth and development of the cell; G1/S checkpoint

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22
Q

S Phase

A

Synthesis of DNA

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23
Q

G2 phase

A

biochemical preparation for cell division; G2/M checkpoint

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24
Q

Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense and mitotic spindle forms

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25
Prometaphase
Nuclear envelope disintegrates, and spindle microtubules anchor to kinetochores
26
Metaphase
Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate; spindle-assembly checkpoint
27
Anaphase
Sister chromatids separate, becoming individual chromosomes that migrate toward spindle poles
28
Telophase
Chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles, the nuclear envelope re-forms, and the condensed chromosomes relax
29
Cytokinesis
Cytoplasm divides; cell wall forms in plant cells.
30
What are the stages of interphase?
G1, S, and G2 phase
31
What are the stages of M phase
prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
32
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic
Prok - single celled - circular DNA Eukaryotic - multicellular - linear DNA - membrane bound organelle
33
Characteristics of viruses?
- outer protein coat surrounding nucleic acid - not alive - neither prokaryotic or eukaryotic
34
Diploid organism
two sets of chromosomes organized as homologous pairs
35
homologous
chromosomes have the same genes + sequences
36
Diploid cells have
two sets of chromosomes
37
What is interphase?
an extended period between cell division, DNA synthesis, and chromosome replication phase
38
G1/S Checkpoint
regulated decision point
39
G2/M checkpoint
only passed if DNA is completely replicated and undamaged
40
Mitosis (M phase)
separation of sister chromatids
41
Cytokinesis
separation of cytoplasm
42
Meiosis
the production of haploid gametes
43
fertilization
the fusion of haploid gametes (egg & sperm)
44
Genetic Variation
consequences of meiosis
45
Meiosis Interphase I
DNA synthesis and chromosome replication phase
46
Meiosis I
separation of homologous chromosome pairs, and reduction of the chromosome number by half
47
Meiosis II
separation of sister chromatids, also known as equational division
48
synapsis
close pairing of homologous chromosome
49
tetrad
closely associated four sister chromatids of two homologous chromosomes
50
Crossing over
exchange of genetic information between sister chromatids
51
What are the mechanisms for genetic variation in meiosis?
crossing over and anaphase I
52
Metaphase I
random alignment of homologous pairs of chromosomes along the metaphase plate
53
Anaphase I
separation of homologous chromosome pairs, and the random distribution of chromosomes into two newly divided cells
54
Telophase I/ Interkinesis
the period between meiosis I and meiosis II
55
Prophase I
chromosomes condense, homologous chromosomes synapse, crossing over takes place, the nuclear envelope breakdown , and the mitotic spindle forms.
56
Metaphase I
Homologous pairs of chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate
57
Anaphase I
the two chromosomes (each with two chromatids) of a homologous pair separate and move toward opposite poles
58
Telophase I
chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles
59
Cytokinesis I
The cytoplasm divides to produce two cells, each having half the original number of chromosomes
60
Interkinesis
In some types of cells, the spindle breads down, chromosomes relax, and a nuclear envelop re-forms, but no DNA synthesis takes place.
61
Prophase II
chromosomes condense, the spindle forms and the nuclear envelope disintegrates
62
metaphase II
individual chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate
63
Anaphase II
sister chromatids separate and move as individual chromosomes toward the spindle pores
64
Telophase II
chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles; the spindle breaks down and a nuclear envelope re-forms
65
Cytokinesis
the cytoplasm divides
66
What are the steps of meiosis I?
prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, telophase I, cytokinesis, interkinesis
67
What are the steps of meiosis II?
prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, telophase II, cytokinesis
68
What takes place in meiosis II but not in meiosis I?
separation of chromatids
69
What hold sister chromatids together?
cohesins
70
What holds sister chromatids together in meiosis I?
Shugoshin
71
germline mutation
passed on to offspring through sexual reproduction
72
somatic mutation
passed through mitosis
73
What is a suppressor mutation?
a mutation that hides or suppresses the effect of another mutation
74
Where does intragenic suppressor mutation occur?
in genes containing the mutation being suppressed
75
How is a suppressor mutation different from a reverse mutation?
A reverse mutation restores the original phenotype by changing the DNA sequence back to the wild-type sequence. A suppressor mutation restores the phenotype by causing an additional change in the DNA at a site that is different from that of the original mutation
76
What are the four categories that cause mutations?
spontaneous replication errors, spontaneous chemical changes, chemically induced mutations , radiation
77
What are the types of spontaneous replication errors?
tautomeric shifts, mispairing, incorporation error by DNA pol, deletions and insertions, strand slippage, unequal cross over
78
What is a tautomeric shift?
wrong isomer of guanine
79
What does indels mean?
insertions and deletions
80
What are the types of spontaneous chemical changes due to polar water molecules?
Depurination and deamination
81
What is depurination?
loss of purine (losing an entire base)
82
What is deamination?
loss of an amino group (creates bp changes)
83
What are chemically induced mutations?
mutagen and base analogs
84
What is a mutagen?
environmental agency that increases rate of mutation
85
What are base analogs?
chemicals with structure similar to NTP
86
What is AZT?
nucleotide analog; antiviral drug (jams up polymerase)
87
What is a pyrimidine dimer?
two thymine bases block replication
88
What is the SOS system in bacteria?
SOS system allows bacterial cells to bypass the replication block with a mutation-prone pathway
89
What effect does UV have on DNA?
thymine dimer blocks DNA pol/bends helix then base substitution occurs
90
What are transposable elements?
sequences that can move about the genome
91
What is the order of the cell cycle?
Go phase, interphase, G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase, M Phase, prophase, pro metaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

Genetics (14 decks)

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