Test 3 (Weeks 7&8) - Drug Addictions

Question 1

Synthetic drug with similar effects to those of cocaine

Answer 1

Amphetamines

Question 2

Cause euphoria, increased confidence and concentration, decreased appetite

Answer 2

Amphetamines

Question 3

Used to treat narcolepsy

Answer 3

Amphetamines

Question 4

Names for Methamphetamine

Answer 4

Meth, speed, crank, crystal. Freebase = ice (smokable)

Question 5

Faces of Meth

Answer 5

Acne appears or worsens. suppresses appetite and can lead to undernourishment due to long periods without eating (gaunt hollowed out appearance). “Meth mouth.” Exaggerated aging.

Question 6

Amphetamines: Mechanism of Action

Answer 6

Increases the release of norepinephrine and dopamine and leads to a depletion of dopamine.

Question 7

Produces stimulant psychosis (sensitization) and shows similar symptoms to paranoid schizophrenia.

Answer 7

Amphetamines

Question 8

Addictive substance in tobacco

Answer 8

Nicotine

Question 9

Large does can lead to nausea, vomiting, headaches, convulsions and death

Answer 9

Nicotine

Question 10

Withdrawal = nervousness, anxiety, headaches

Answer 10

Nicotine

Question 11

Nicotine: Mechanism of Action

Answer 11

Stimulation of subtype of acetylcholine (nicotinic) post-synaptic receptors. Also activates dopamine neurons through nicotinic receptors. Increases alertness.

Question 12

Active ingredient in coffee:

Answer 12

Caffeine

Question 13

Causes arousal, increased alertness, and decreased sleepiness:

Answer 13

Caffeine

Question 14

______ indirectly increases the release of dopamine and acetylcholine by blocking adenosine receptors.

Answer 14

Caffeine

Question 15

Withdrawal = headache, fatigue, shakiness

Answer 15

Caffeine

Question 16

Stimulants =

Answer 16

Amphetamines, nicotine, caffeine, alcohol (only in low doses).

Question 17

____ is a stimulant in low doses, reducing cortical inhibition: Decreases anxiety and inhibitions, increases social interactions.

Answer 17

Alcohol

Question 18

High doses can cause sedation, coma and death:

Answer 18

Alcohol

Question 19

Long term use of ______ causes cirrhosis of the liver.

Answer 19

Alcohol

Question 20

Alcohol can be a ____ at low doses, and a ____ at high doses.

Answer 20

stimulant, sedative

Question 21

Withdrawal from ____ can be dangerous.

Answer 21

alcohol

Question 22

High doses of alcohol over a long period of time can cause brain damage due to a _____

Answer 22

Vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency.

Question 23

_____ is essential for neural survival. Deficiency leads to neural damage. Taking a lot of calories from alcohol instead of good food. Leading to this deficite.

Answer 23

Vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency.

Question 24

Damage to neurons cause by a vitamin B1 deficiency can lead to _____

Answer 24

Korsakoff’s syndrome (dementia)

Question 25

Korsakoff’s syndrome (dementia):

Answer 25

trouble with making new long term memories due to damage to thalamus.

Question 26

Delirium tremens:

Answer 26

tremors, anxiety, hallucinations, delusions, seizures, death.

Question 27

Alcohol: Mechanism of Action

Answer 27

Increases effects at GABA A receptor complex. Increases inhibitory effects. Inhibits release of glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter – also produces inhibition. Increases dopamine release

Question 28

Opiates:

Answer 28

Morphine, heroin, methadone

Question 29

Morphine:

Answer 29

derived from the opium poppy

Question 30

Heroin:

Answer 30

synthesized from morphine

Question 31

Methadone:

Answer 31

is synthetic

Question 32

Opiates are _____(pain relieving, and ____(sleep inducing).

Answer 32

Analgesic, hypnotic

Question 33

Causes euphoria (sense of happiness, of ecstasy)

Answer 33

Opiates

Question 34

Heroin enters the brain _______ than morphine and is _______.

Answer 34

more quickly, more addictive

Question 35

Opiates have a high risk of overdose due to:

Answer 35

uncertainty of purity of street drug, tolerance causes increase in dose, conditioned tolerance.

Question 36

Opiates: Mechanism of Action

Answer 36

Agonist at endogenous post-synaptic opioid receptors. | Indirectly activates dopamine pathways.

Question 37

Body’s natural opioids:

Answer 37

Endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins.

Question 38

Withdrawal from opiates is:

Answer 38

generally mild to severe, not life-threatening.

Question 39

Symptoms of opiate withdrawal:

Answer 39

Resembles the flu. Agitation, anxiety, muscle aches, insomnia, sweating, diarrhea, nausea.

Question 40

Marijuana:

Answer 40

the dried and crushed leaves and flowers of the Indian hemp plant, Cannabis sativa and Indica.

Question 41

The major psychoactive ingredient in marijuana is ________.

Answer 41

delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

Question 42

THC binds with ______ receptors on the ______, which ordinarily respond to endogenous cannabinoids (Anandamide and 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG))

Answer 42

cannabinoid, pre-synaptic terminals

Question 43

Endogenous cannabinoids, _____ and _______, are released from postsynaptic terminal.

Answer 43

Anandamide, 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG)

Question 44

Marijuana: Mechanism of Action

Answer 44

Receptors are on presynaptic terminals. Inhibit release of neurotransmitters from presynaptic terminals. Inhibit the release of glutamate and GABA. Indirectly increases dopamine levels in ventral tegmental area by inhibiting GABA

Question 45

Withdrawal symptoms of marijuana:

Answer 45

possible psychological dependence.

Question 46

Marijuana affects THC receptors in the frontal cortex by:

Answer 46

Impairing cognitive function and distortions of time and sensory perception.

Question 47

Marijuana affects THC receptors in the hippocampus by:

Answer 47

disrupting memory

Question 48

Receptors in areas that affect movement/coordination including cerebellum are affected by:

Answer 48

Marijuana

Question 49

Hallucinogens:

Answer 49

LSD, psilocybin (mushrooms), mescaline (Peyote cactus), ecstasy.

Question 50

______ cause perceptual distortions in the user.

Answer 50

Hallucinations

Question 51

Perceptual distortions caused by hallucinogens include:

Answer 51

Light, color, and details are intensified, objects may change shape, sounds may evoke visual experiences, and light may produce auditory sensations.

Question 52

Hallucinogens are chemically similar to the neurotransmitter:

Answer 52

serotonin

Question 53

______ stimulate postsynaptic serotonin type 2A receptors (5-HT2A) at inappropriate times or for longer duration

Answer 53

Hallucinogens

Question 54

Positive drug effects (pleasure) theory =

Answer 54

Addictive drugs are positive reinforcers – produce pleasant emotional states. Drug use is maintained because drugs induce a high that addicts seek repeatedly.

Question 55

Issues with positive drug effects (pleasure) theory =

Answer 55

Pleasurable effects need to be huge to counter aversive consequences of drug use and for the memory of the pleasure to initiate further drug use. Weak correlation between euphoria induced by drugs and addiction

Question 56

Many addictive drugs:

Answer 56

do not produce powerful euphoric effects when first taken

Question 57

Addicts report:

Answer 57

drug is not producing the high anymore but still compulsively seek drug and can’t explain why.

Question 58

Avoidance of withdrawal theory =

Answer 58

drugs are re-administered to prevent withdrawal symptoms and can motivate drug taking in some instances

Question 59

There appears to be a dissociation between the pleasurable effects of drugs and how much addicts want to take drugs. Liking drugs __ wanting drugs

Answer 59

≠

Question 60

The mesolimbocortical dopamine system:

Answer 60

Meso = starts in middle of the brain. Limbo = involving emotion. Cortical = going forward into cortex.

Question 61

The mesolimbocortical dopamine system is activated by:

Answer 61

natural rewards such as food, water, sex. Things that activate this system become more desirable.

Question 62

Factors that affect addiction vulnerability:

Answer 62

Environment - exposure to drugs; Genetic – some individuals have an increased risk of addiction because of their genetic make-up.

Question 63

______ to the initial effects of alcohol affects subsequent use and the probability of addiction

Answer 63

Sensitivity

Question 64

Metabolism of alcohol:

Answer 64

Changing alcohol into different chemicals. Alcohol is converted into acetaldehyde through the enzyme ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase). It is then converted to acetate through the enzyme ALDH (aldehyde dehydrogenase). It will then eventually become CO2 and water before it is excreted.

Question 65

Treatments For Relapse Prevention:

Answer 65

Behavioral therapy, Pharmacotherapeutics (drugs)

Question 66

Pharmacotherapeutics (drugs):

Answer 66

Replacement therapies – replace addictive drugs (agonists). Block effects of addictive drugs (antagonists). Naltrexone/naloxone (alcohol and opiates). Alter the efficacy of addictive drugs (vaccines)

Question 67

_____ is a long-acting orally administered synthetic opiate used to treat dependence

Answer 67

Methadone

Question 68

Disulfiram (Antabuse):

Answer 68

inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase causing an increase in acetaldehyde levels.

Question 69

acetaldehyde:

Answer 69

Causes facial flushing, nausea, and rapid heartbeat

Question 70

____ facilitates the effects of GABA

Answer 70

Alcohol

Question 71

An agonist _____ the effects of natural neurotransmitters.

Answer 71

mimics

Question 72

Stimulant psychosis is caused by the process called _____.

Answer 72

sensitization

Question 73

_____ is used to treat ADHD.

Answer 73

Ritalin

Question 74

Stimulants _____ appetite.

Answer 74

decrease

Question 75

The symptoms of paranoia can be mimicked by ______.

Answer 75

amphetamine

Question 76

Nicotine produces its main effect through the neurotransmitter ________.

Answer 76

Acetylcholine.

Question 77

____ is the active ingredient in ritalin.

Answer 77

methylphenidate

Question 78

____ works by altering release of neurotransmitters from the presynaptic terminals.

Answer 78

Marijuana.

Question 79

An antagonist _____ neurotransmitter receptors.

Answer 79

blocks

Question 80

Cocaine produces its effects by blocking _____ of dopamine.

Answer 80

reuptake

Question 81

The main mechanism of action of amphetamines is to ___ the release if dopamine.

Answer 81

increase

Question 82

Withdrawal from cocaine is generally _____.

Answer 82

mild

Question 83

Reducing the cortical inhibition of lower brain structures produces _______.

Answer 83

dementia

Question 84

Alcohol withdrawal can be ______.

Answer 84

dangerous