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BMS 615 Cardiovascular > Test 3: Wk11: 2.2 Mechanisms of Ventilation - Dasgupta > Flashcards

Test 3: Wk11: 2.2 Mechanisms of Ventilation - Dasgupta Flashcards

(87 cards)

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1
Q

Specific Compliance =

A

Compliance / FRC

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2
Q

FRC adult

FRC Child

A
  1. 5 L

0. 7 L

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3
Q

Specific Compliance Adult

Specific Compliance Child

A

Adult 0.125 / 2.5 = 0.05

Child 0.035 / 0.7 = 0.05

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4
Q

Compliance adult

Compliance child

A

adult .125

child .035

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5
Q

compliance =

A

delta V / delta P

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6
Q

Compliance is measure by a

A

spirometer

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7
Q

spirometer measures

A

lung and chest wall Compliance

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8
Q

lung and chest wall are in

A

series

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9
Q

total Compliance equation

A

1 / total Compliance = 1 / lung Compliance + 1 / Chest Wall Compliance

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10
Q

Compliance is the inverse of

A

resistance

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11
Q

safe to assume that chest wall compliance is

A

normal

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12
Q

the lung is made of connective proteins like

A

collagen and elastin

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13
Q

— is prominent polymeric protein in lung tissue

A

elastin

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14
Q

— degrades elastin

A

elastase

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15
Q

elastase is regulated by

A

alpha-1-antitrypsin

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16
Q

deficiency in alpha-1 antitrypsin or a mutation in alpha-1 antitrypsin synthesis results in

A

widespread lung tissue destruction

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17
Q

smoking is a major risk in emphysema because

A

it inhibits alpha-1 antitrypsin

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18
Q

Alveolar simplification

A

tissue destruction seen in
emphysema

Increased breakdown of structural proteins means that elements of the
alveoli, and ultimately whole alveoli, are lost

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19
Q

emphysema makes the FRC

A

much larger than normal

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20
Q

emphysema also causes

A

destruction of vasculature

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21
Q

most common morphological subtype of emphysema

A

Centrilobular emphysema

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22
Q

Centrilobular emphysema affects

A

the central portion of secondary pulmonary lobules, around the central respiratory bronchioles

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23
Q

— involves the superior part of the lung

A

Centrilobular emphysema

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24
Q

Centrilobular emphysema begins in the

A

respiratory bronchioles and spreads peripherally

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25
Centrilobular emphysema caused by
long-standing cigarette smoking, occupational exposure to chemicals, dust etc.
26
Panacinar emphysema
destroys the entire alveolus uniformly
27
Panacinar emphysema is primarily in
the lower half of the lungs
28
--- emphysema observed in patients with homozygous alpha1-antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency or Ritalin-induced lung emphysema
Panacinar emphysema
29
how does Ritalin abuse cause emphysema
Ritalin pills contain fillers which are insoluble. These fillers block fine blood vessels in the lung and cause pulmonary hypertension and damage lung tissue
30
In people who smoke, --- at the lung bases may accompany centrilobular emphysema.
focal panacinar emphysema
31
reasons for decrease in compliance
interstitial lung dz | loss of surfactant
32
PV curve shifts --- in decrease compliance
to the right
33
Total lung capacity in decreased compliance
lowered
34
reasons for increase in compliance
emphysema, loss of elastic fibers | old age
35
PV curve shifts --- in increase compliance
to the left
36
Total lung capacity in increased compliance
increased
37
increased compliance means the lung is
softer
38
decreased compliance means the lung is
stiffer
39
slope of PV curve =
compliance
40
PV curve shift --- with decreased pulmonary surfactant
right, decreased compliance lungs have more surface tension and are stiffer
41
PV curve shift --- with removal of one lobe
right, decreased compliance lobes of the lung are in parallel and compliance is in parallel
42
PV curve shift --- with obesity
right, decreased compliance fat layers compress thoracic cage
43
PV curve shift --- with pulmonary vascular congestion
right, decreased compliance vascular congestion causes edema which floods alveoli washing away surfactant and increasing surface tension
44
laminar flow
all molecules of air are flowing parallel to each other
45
airway resistance is inversely proportional to
airway radius
46
airway resistance is inversely proportional to the
airway radius
47
laminar flow follows the --- equation
Poisueille
48
airways are arranged in
parallel
49
the greatest resistance is in
largest airways
50
the region of the lung containing small airways is often referred to as the --- because
silent zone low airway flow velocity and resistance
51
the greatest airway resistance AND flow velocity is in the
largest airways
52
is turbulent flow or laminar flow faster
turbulent is always faster
53
forced exhalation makes the interpleural pressure
positve
54
forced exhalation is primarily mediated by
internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles
55
why is forced exhalation not a problem in normal lungs
airways are reinforced with rings of cartilage
56
why is forced exhalation bad in emphysema
lung elastic recoil is decreased. this causes the airway to collapse
57
the more effort put into a forced exhalation
the more airways collapse and resistance is higher
58
the faster the airflow, the smaller
the force holding open the airway - greater tendency to collapse
59
what happens to the airway in emphysema
loss of radial traction loss of tissue
60
what happens to airways in asthma
edema of wall during flare | mucus further narrows the airway
61
Radial traction
the action of lung tissue on airway walls, tending to hold | them open.
62
“Tethering” of airways or alveoli refers
to them being attached to their neighbors
63
Tidal Volume
volume of inspired or expired air with each breath
64
Normal tidal vol mL
500mL
65
Dead Space Vol
air not used for gas exchange
66
Dead Space Vol mL
150 mL
67
Residual volume
amount of air remaining in lungs
68
Residual Vol amount
1-2 L
69
Total Lung Capacity
Volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inspiratory effort
70
Total Lung Capacity amount TLC
6000 mL
71
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)
amount of air that can be exhaled as quickly during forced exhalation
72
Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) amount
4600 mL
73
Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)
amount exhaled in the first second
74
Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) amount
3800 mL
75
FEV1 should be
80% FVC
76
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
volume of air in the lung when the lung and chest wall have recoil force
77
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) amount
2300 mL
78
Lung capacity is the sum of
2 or more lung volumes
79
Spirometer direct measurement (4)
TV FVC FEV1 FEF
80
Cannot be measured with Spirometer
RV FRC TLC
81
limitation of Helium dilution technique
cannot be used in emphysema and COPD
82
what does Helium dilution measure
FRC
83
How does body position effect FRC - Supine position
lower
84
What happens to FRC with age
increases - lung becomes softer
85
Pregnancy does what to FRC
decreases
86
Lung resection does what to FRC
reduce vol of lung to reduce FRC
87
chest wall deformity affect on FRC
decrease FRC

BMS 615 Cardiovascular (49 decks)

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