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CMGT 110- Test 3 > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the initial stage of a steel building frame’s design process?

A

A steel building frame begins as a rough sketch on the drafting board of an architect or engineer

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2
Q

What do structural drawings for a steel frame typically show?

A

Column locations and member shapes

-These show accurate column locations, the shapes and sizes of all the members of the frame, and all the loads of the members

They do not give the exact length to which each member must be cut to mate with the members it joins, and they do not give details of the more routine connections of the frame.

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3
Q

Who is responsible for designing connections in a steel frame to transmit loads?

A

Fabricator

-The fabricator designs connections to transmit the loads indicated by the engineer’s drawings.

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4
Q

What is the primary job of the fabricator in steel construction?

A

Delivering ready-to-assemble steel components

-The fabricator’s job is to deliver to the construction site steel components that are ready to be assembled without further processing.

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5
Q

What is the purpose of full-size templates in steel fabrication?

A

To assist in laying out connections on actual steel pieces

-full-size templates of cardboard or wood are prepared as required to assist the shop workers in laying out the various connections on the actual pieces of steel.

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6
Q

What is the significance of cambering in steel fabrication?

A

Ensuring members deflect into a straight line under load

-Where called for, beams and girders are cambered (curved slightly in an upward direction) so that they will deflect into a straight line under load.

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7
Q

What is the primary responsibility of the erector in steel construction?

A

Assembling steel components on-site

-The erector is responsible for assembling into a frame on the building site the steel components furnished by the fabricator.

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8
Q

Which tool is commonly used to mark bolt hole locations on steel plates?

A

Punching machine

-With the aid of the templates, bolt hole locations are marked.

Bolt holes are punched or drilled (Figure 11.42).

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9
Q

Which type of crane is often used to lift the steel components during erection?

A

Tower crane, Mobile crane

-Lifting of the steel components may begin with either some type of mobile crane or (on larger projects) fixed tower cranes (Figure 11.48).

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10
Q

What is the purpose of baseplates in steel column connections?

A

To distribute concentrated loads across the foundation

-Steel baseplates, which distribute the concentrated loads of the steel columns across a larger area of the concrete foundation

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11
Q

What is the name of the tier that is assembled first during steel frame erection?

A

First tier

-Erection of a multistory steel building frame starts with assembly of the first tier of framing

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12
Q

How are connections tightened and welded in a steel frame during erection?

A

Hand wrenches followed by impact wrenches

-The bolters follow behind the raising gang, filling the remaining holes with bolts from leather carrying baskets and tightening them first with hand wrenches and then with impact wrenches.

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13
Q

What is the primary structural action of rigid steel frames?

A

uphold both bending and shear forces

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14
Q

What is the primary function of the cambium layer in a tree trunk?

A

Creation of new wood and bark cells

-the cambium, which creates new bark cells

the cambium begins to manufacture new sapwood cells in the spring

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15
Q

What differentiates heartwood from sapwood in a tree trunk?

A

Heartwood is darker in color and no longer participates in life processes.

-In many species of trees, heartwood is easily distinguished from sapwood by its darker color

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16
Q

What determines the appearance and physical properties of wood parallel to and perpendicular to grain?

A

Direction of the long axes of wood cells

-The direction of the long axes of the cells is referred to as the grain of the wood. Grain direction is important to the designer of wooden buildings because the appearance and physical properties of wood parallel to grain and perpendicular to grain are very different.

Concentric bands of springwood and summerwood make up the annual growth rings [grain] in a trunk that can be counted to determine the age of a tree.

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17
Q

What contributes to the alternating patterns of springwood and summerwood in tree growth rings?

A

Seasonal variations in growth conditions

-In temperate climates, the cambium begins to manufacture new sapwood cells in the spring, when the air is cool and groundwater is plentiful, conditions that favor rapid growth. Growth is slower during the heat of the summer, when water is scarce. Springwood (or earlywood) cells are therefore larger and less dense in substance than summerwood (or latewood) cells. Concentric bands of springwood and summerwood make up the annual growth rings in a trunk that can be counted to determine the age of a tree.

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18
Q

What are the two main components that make up the structure of wood cells?

A

Cellulose and lignin

-The cells are structured of tough cellulose and are bound together by a softer cementing substance called lignin.

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19
Q

Why does wood in temperate climates have distinct growth rings?

A

Due to the varying growth rates in different seasons

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20
Q

Which part of a tree is typically the first to be made up of weak wood cells?

A

Pith

-At the very center of the trunk, surrounded by heartwood, is the pith of the tree, a small zone of weak wood cells that were the first year’s growth.

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21
Q

What type of trees do softwoods come from?

A

Coniferous trees

-Softwoods come from coniferous trees and hardwoods from broad-leafed trees.

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22
Q

Which type of leaves do most softwoods have during colder winter months?

A

Needlelike leaves ?

-Softwoods come from coniferous trees and hardwoods from broad-leafed trees. Most softwoods are cone-bearing, with needlelike leaves that remain on the trees during the colder winter months.

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23
Q

Which part of the tree provides long-distance transport of sap within the tree?

A

Tracheids

-The tracheids provide long-distance transport of sap within the tree and account for most of the tree’s structural strength.

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24
Q

Which type of wood is generally less dense and softer?

A

Softwood

-Also, as the names imply, softwoods are usually less dense and softer than hardwoods. But there are exceptions.

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25
Q

What type of cells make up the majority of a hardwood’s microstructure?

A

Rays

-Hardwood trees are more complex in structure, with a larger percentage of rays

Cell structure of a hardwood. Rays (WR) constitute a large percentage of the mass of a hardwood and are sometimes strongly expressed in the grain figure.

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26
Q

What is the primary reason softwoods are used for building structural frames?

A

Plentiful and inexpensive

-Most of the lumber used today for the building structural frame comes from softwoods, which are comparatively plentiful and inexpensive.

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27
Q

Which type of lumber is known for its fine, attractive patterns?

A

Hardwood lumber

-Many hardwoods show finer, more attractive patterns

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28
Q

What is the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of wood?

A

The final moisture condition in equilibrium with its surroundings

-Eventually, as water continues to evaporate from the wood, the wood arrives at a moisture content that brings it into equilibrium with its ambient surroundings—dryer, for wood used indoors or in dry outdoor climates, and more moist, for wood used outdoors and in higher humidity or wetter climates.

This final moisture condition is called the equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of the wood

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29
Q

What percentage of moisture content does exterior wood in North America average?

A

12%

-In North America, the equilibrium moisture content for exterior wood averages around 12 percent

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30
Q

What is the purpose of surfacing lumber in building construction?

A

To make it smooth and more dimensionally precise

-Lumber used in building construction is normally surfaced to make it smooth, more dimensionally precise, and safer to handle.

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31
Q

Which type of shrinkage is negligible for practical purposes?

A

Longitudinal shrinkage

-Moisture shrinkage along the length of the log (longitudinal shrinkage) is negligible for practical purposes.

a simple distinction is made between parallel-to-grain shrinkage, which is negligible, and perpendicular-to-grain shrinkage, which is considerable.

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32
Q

What term describes radial cracks in wood caused by drying stresses?

A

Checks

-Because tangential shrinkage [from drying] is so much greater than radial shrinkage, high internal stresses are created in a log as it dries, inevitably resulting in the formation of radial cracks called checks

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33
Q

What type of lumber defect is caused by sawing too close to the perimeter of the log?

A

Wane

-Wane is an irregular rounding of edges or faces that is caused by sawing pieces too close to the perimeter of the log.

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34
Q

Which type of wood member varies in size seasonally due to changes in temperature and humidity?

A

All of the other answers are correct

-Common product types include boards, dimension lumber, and timbers.

[All] wood members vary in size seasonally with changes in temperature and humidity.

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35
Q

How is lumber priced in North America?

A

Dollars per thousand board feet (MBF)

-Prices of dimension lumber and timbers in North America are usually quoted on the basis of dollars per thousand board feet (abbreviated MBF or MBFM)

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36
Q

Which organization’s Grading Rules govern the production of hardwood lumber in North America?

A

National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA)

-The National Hardwood Lumber Association (NHLA) Grading Rules play a similar role for the governance of hardwood production in North America.

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37
Q

Which type of wood is generally used for furniture, cabinetry, and fine woodwork?

A

Hardwood

-For furniture, cabinetry, interior paneling, flooring, and other fine woodwork, hardwoods (and some of the denser softwoods) are often chosen for their better stability, attractiveness, finishability, and resistance to wear.

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38
Q

What is the primary purpose of quarter-sawing lumber?

A

To produce dimensionally stable and visually pleasing grain patterns

-Quarter-sawing requires more handling of the log during sawing, produces smaller pieces from a log of the same size, and generates greater waste.

[Quarter-sawing] results in boards that are more dimensionally stable and have a more visually pleasing grain figure.

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39
Q

What is the moisture content of growing wood before a tree is cut?

A

Varies from about 30% to 200% or more

-The moisture content of growing wood can vary from about 30 percent to 200 percent or more.

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40
Q

What is lumber grading used for?

A

To assess the appearance or structural properties of lumber

-Structural grading is used to rate the strength and stiffness properties of a piece of lumber.

Appearance grading is used to rank the visual qualities of lumber intended for flooring, trim, cabinetry, and other nonstructural finish uses.

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41
Q

Which type of grading is used to rank the visual qualities of lumber?

A

Appearance grading

-Appearance grading is used to rank the visual qualities of lumber intended for flooring, trim, cabinetry, and other nonstructural finish uses. Naturally, it is done visually, with boards having the fewest knots, checks, splits, staining, and other defects receiving the highest grades.

42
Q

What is the main purpose of structural grading in lumber?

A

To rate the strength and stiffness properties of lumber

-Structural grading is used to rate the strength and stiffness properties of a piece of lumber.

43
Q

Which machine grading process assesses stiffness, density, or other properties of wood?

A

Machine stress rated (MSR) lumber

-In machine grading, automated devices assess the stiffness, density, or other properties of the wood to derive structural values and apply an appropriate grade stamp. Machine stress rated (MSR) lumber, machine evaluated lumber (MEL), and E-rated lumber are all machine grading processes.

44
Q

Which lumber species group may include California red fir, grand fir, and Western hemlock?

A

Hem–Fir

-For example, Hem–Fir, one of the highest-volume species groups marketed in North America, may include any combination of California red fir, grand fir, noble fir, Pacific silver fir, Western hemlock, and white fir.

45
Q

Which direction provides the highest tensile strength in wood?

A

Parallel to the grain

-The tensile strength of a wood member with the load applied parallel to its grain may be as much as 10 to 20 times greater than its strength with the load applied across the grain.

46
Q

Among brick masonry, steel, concrete, and wood, which materials have useful tensile strength?

A

Wood and steel

  • brick masonry, steel, and concrete. Of the four, only wood and steel have useful tensile strength.
47
Q

Which is the primary factor that influences the usable strength of wood?

A

Temperature and moisture conditions

-the designer selects grades based on published tables of allowable stresses

It is common practice to use a stronger but more expensive species group

Other factors that influence the usable strength of wood include the temperature and moisture conditions under which it serves, and the size and shape of the piece

48
Q

What is the purpose of preservative-treated wood?

A

To make wood resistant to biological organisms

-Preservative-treated wood (Figure 3.38) is impregnated with chemicals that are toxic to the biological organisms that attack the wood.

49
Q

What are waterborne salts often used for in wood preservation?

A

To create fire-retardant properties

-Fire-retardant treatments (FRTs) are accomplished by pressure impregnating wood with chemical salts that reduce wood combustibility.

50
Q

Which is the primary factor that influences the usable strength of wood?

A

Temperature and moisture conditions

-the designer selects grades based on published tables of allowable stresses

It is common practice to use a stronger but more expensive species group

Other factors that influence the usable strength of wood include the temperature and moisture conditions under which it serves, and the size and shape of the piece

51
Q

Which wood species part is naturally resistant to decay and insects?

A

Heartwood

-The heartwood of some species of wood is naturally resistant to decay and insects and can often be used where preservative-treated wood would otherwise be required.

52
Q

What is the main use of fire-retardant-treated wood?

A

To reduce wood’s combustibility

-Fire-retardant-treated wood is permitted for use in some applications in noncombustible construction–type buildings. It is also used for exterior cladding and sheathing materials where structures are at risk of exposure to forest land wildfires.

53
Q

What is the primary advantage of using collated nails in nail guns?

A

They fire more reliably, and They are quickly loaded into the nail gun

54
Q

What is the primary advantage of using machine-driven nails over hand-driven nails?

A

They require less skill to use, and They offer increased productivity

55
Q

What type of fasteners are commonly used to attach sheathing paper and insulation?

A

Lightweight staples

-Less costly, lightweight staples are used to attach sheathing paper and thermal insulation.

56
Q

What is the purpose of using T-shaped pins or U-shaped staples in nail guns?

A

To fasten various materials together

-Less costly, lightweight staples are used to attach sheathing paper and thermal insulation. Heavier staples may be used for fastening cabinet components, wood flooring, shingles, underlayment panels, and even structural components.

57
Q

What type of staple is used for attaching wood flooring and cabinet components?

A

Heavier staples

-Heavier staples may be used for fastening cabinet components, wood flooring, shingles, underlayment panels, and even structural components.

58
Q

Which method of nailing is primarily used for holding framing members in alignment?

A

End nailing

-End nailing is relatively weak and is useful primarily for holding framing members in alignment until gravity forces and applied sheathing make a stronger connection.

59
Q

What is the primary concern when using machine-driven nails for structural components?

A

Their load capacity and type

-Wherever machine-driven nails or staples are used to join structural components, care must be taken to ensure that fasteners of the appropriate type and adequate load capacity are used.

60
Q

Which of the following materials is NOT mentioned as being used for wood preservation?

A

Pentachlorophenol

-Pentachlorophenol is also an oil solution used to impregnate wood, and as with other oily preservatives

The most widely used wood preservatives in building construction are waterborne salts

Creosote is an oily derivative of coal that is widely used to treat wood

61
Q

What is the primary advantage of screws over nails in woodworking?

A

Greater holding power and adjustability

-In comparison to nails, screws cost more and take longer to install, but they can be inserted with greater precision, can exert greater clamping force between joined pieces, have greater holding power, and can be backed out and reinserted if a component has to be adjusted or remounted.

62
Q

What type of screws can be installed without predrilled pilot holes?

A

Self-drilling screws

-Self-drilling screws, such as the drywall screw shown here, do not require predrilled pilot holes.

63
Q

Which type of wood fastener is driven with a wrench rather than a screwdriver?

A

Lag screws

-Larger lag screws are used for heavier structural connections. They have square or hexagonal heads and are driven with a wrench rather than a screwdriver.

64
Q

What type of wood fastener is used mainly for structural connections in heavy timber framing?

A

Bolts

-Bolts are used mainly for structural connections in heavy timber framing

65
Q

What is the purpose of washers used with bolts?

A

Distribute clamping force and reduce wood crushing

-Flat steel disks called washers, inserted under the head and nut, distribute the clamping force from the bolt across a greater area of wood and reduce crushing of the wood fibers.

66
Q

What type of connector is used in timber frames to increase load-carrying capacity in joints?

A

Split-ring connector

-The split-ring connector (Figure 3.47) is inserted in matching circular grooves to mate pieces of wood clamped together with a central bolt. This connector provides greater capacity by spreading the load across a larger area of wood than can be done with one or a few bolts.

(re-written on test)

67
Q

Which wood fastener has a cross-sectional shape that is oval and parallel to the grain of the timber?

A

Timber rivets

-Timber rivet connections are formed by fastening steel plates to large wood members with spike-like fasteners. Unlike nails, timber rivets are oval in cross section and driven so that the wider axis of the rivet is always parallel to the grain of the timber

68
Q

What type of wood adhesive forms bonds that are as strong as the connected members?

A

Structural adhesive

-Structural wood adhesives form bonds that are at least as strong, stiff, and durable as the members they connect.

69
Q

Why are wood adhesives used less on construction sites compared to fabrication shops?

A

They are challenging to clamp and control during curing

-Wood adhesives are used less on the construction site, where it is more difficult to clamp and hold glued joints and to maintain controlled temperature and humidity until the adhesive has cured.

70
Q

What is the primary advantage of veneer lumber over solid lumber?

A

Greater strength, and Reduced shrinking, swelling, checking, and splitting

-Veneer… can be made into ….structural and nonstructural products with higher strength, improved stability, increased size range… than are available from traditional sawn lumber.

Wood Panels are more nearly equal in strength in their two principal directions than solid wood. Shrinking, swelling, checking, and splitting are greatly reduced.

71
Q

What is the common sheet dimension of wood panels used in building applications?

A

4 × 8 feet

-Wood in thin panel form is useful for many building applications (Figure 3.33). The panel dimensions are usually 4 × 8 feet

72
Q

Which type of wood panel is typically used as a base material for wood veneer and plastic laminate?

A

Particleboard

-Particleboard is manufactured in different density ranges and is made up of smaller wood particles than OSB that are compressed and bonded into panels. It is used mainly as a base material for wood veneer and plastic laminate.

73
Q

What is the main advantage of oriented strand board (OSB) over plywood?

A

Higher strength and stiffness

-Because of the length and controlled orientation of the strands, OSB is the strongest and stiffest type of non-veneered panel. Because it can be produced from small trees and even branches, OSB is generally more economical than plywood.

74
Q

Which type of panel is generally more stable, stiffer, and better for holding fasteners and finishes?

A

Medium-density fiberboard (MDF)

-fiberboard… is dimensionally more stable, stiffer, better able to hold fasteners, and superior in its working and finishing characteristics.

(Revised on test)

75
Q

What is the primary benefit of using glue-laminated wood (glulam) beams in construction?

A

They can be produced in larger sizes, longer lengths, and higher strengths than solid lumber.

-Glue-laminated wood members, such as the beams and posts seen here, can be produced in larger sizes, longer lengths, and with higher strengths than solid sawn lumber.

76
Q

Which structural panel type is commonly used as sheathing and subflooring in light frame wood buildings?

A

Oriented strand board (OSB)

-OSB is generally more economical than plywood. It is the material most commonly used for sheathing and subflooring of light frame wood buildings.

77
Q

What is the purpose of tongue-and-groove edges on panels intended for subflooring?

A

To eliminate unevenness and gaps between panels

-Panels intended for use as subflooring can be manufactured with tongue-and-groove edges that eliminate unevenness in the subfloor that could telegraph through the finish flooring.

78
Q

What type of screw can be installed more quickly with power drivers and is used for subflooring?

A

Self-drilling wood screw

-Self-drilling wood screws do not require pilot holes and can be installed more quickly with power drivers.

79
Q

What type of structural member is made from thin wood veneer sheets bonded into thicker members?

A

Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)

  • Laminated veneer lumber (LVL) is made from thin wood veneer sheets, as wide as the member is deep, that are glued and laminated into thicker members.
80
Q

What type of wood connector is used to join wood members or strengthen their joints in metal framing?

A

Timber connectors

-Dozens of ingenious sheet metal and metal plate devices are manufactured for joining wood members or strengthening their joints.

81
Q

What is the purpose of rotary slicing veneers for structural plywood panels?

A

To obtain sheets for plywood production

-Veneers for structural plywood panels are rotary sliced (Figure 3.35). The strip of veneer is clipped into sheets that pass through a drying kiln where, in a few minutes, their moisture content is reduced to roughly 5 percent. The sheets are then assembled into larger pieces, repaired as necessary with patches glued into the sheet to fill open defects, and graded and sorted according to quality (Figure 3.36).

82
Q

What is the typical moisture content achieved after passing veneers through a drying kiln?

A

Roughly 5 percent

  • The strip of veneer is clipped into sheets that pass through a drying kiln where, in a few minutes, their moisture content is reduced to roughly 5 percent.

(Modified answers but same answer)

83
Q

Which grade of veneer is often used for underlayment to avoid telegraphing irregularities?

A

Grade C plugged

-Plywood with a C-plugged face is used for underlayment, where a smooth substrate is required to avoid telegraphing irregularities through thin finish flooring materials.

84
Q

What type of wood panel is commonly used for temporary exposure to weather during construction?

A

Exposure 1

-The Exposure 1 bond classification signifies that the panel is suitable for temporary exposure to the weather during construction, but not for permanent exterior exposure.

85
Q

What is the purpose of the span rating system for wood panels?

A

To achieve the same structural objectives with different panel types

-The purpose of the span rating system is to permit the use of different types of panels while achieving the same structural objectives. For example, under normal loading conditions, any panel with a span rating of 32/16 may be used as roof sheathing over rafters spaced 32 inches (813 mm) or as subflooring over joists spaced 16 inches (406 mm).

86
Q

What does the “48/24 span rating” mean on a structural panel gradestamp?

A

The panel can be used for roof sheathing spaced at 48 inches and subflooring spaced at 24 inches

-The 48/24 span rating on this structural panel gradestamp means that the panel can be used as roof sheathing over rafters or trusses spaced at 48 inches (1220 mm) or as subflooring over joists spaced at 24 inches (610 mm).

87
Q

What material is commonly used in the manufacture of plastic lumber?

A

Recycled plastic resins

-Lumberlike products made entirely or mostly from plastic resins are called plastic lumber. When manufactured from recycled plastics, they may be called recycled plastic lumber (RPL). The use of plastic lumber reduces the demand for harvested wood and, where recycled ingredients are used, diverts solid waste from landfills.

In the manufacturing of plastic lumber, one or more resins may be used alone, or mixed with rubber, wood waste, glass fiber, or other materials

88
Q

Which type of plastic lumber is used in building construction for exterior decking?

A

Structural-grade plastic lumber (SGPL)

-used in the construction of decks, docks, piers, other types of exterior and marine structures, and even vehicular-capacity bridges.

In the manufacturing of plastic lumber, one or more resins may be used alone, or mixed with rubber, wood waste, glass fiber, or other materials

The most common material used in the manufacture of plastic lumber, high-density polyethylene (HDPE

89
Q

What is the primary advantage of light gauge steel construction over wood light frame construction?

A

It is noncombustible.

-Additionally, steel framing may be used in buildings for which noncombustible construction is required by the building code

Steel framing members are significantly lighter in weight than the wood members to which they are structurally equivalent, an advantage

90
Q

Which breakthrough technologies of the 19th century accelerated the development of wood light frame construction?

A

Water-powered sawmill and machine-made nails

-Its development was accelerated by two technological breakthroughs of the period: Boards and small framing members of wood had recently become inexpensive for the first time in history because of the advent of the water-powered sawmill, and machine-made nails had become remarkably cheap compared to the hand-forged nails that preceded them.

91
Q

Why did the balloon frame’s full-length studs pose a challenge?

A

They spread fire quickly between floors

-The balloon frame (Figure 5.2, right) used full-length studs that ran continuously for two stories from foundation to roof. In time, it became apparent that these were too long to erect efficiently. Furthermore, the tall, hollow spaces between studs acted as multiple chimneys in a fire, spreading the blaze rapidly to the upper floors, unless they were closed off with wood or brick fireblocking at each floor line.

92
Q

Which framing system is now the universal standard for wood light frame construction?

A

Platform frame

-the platform frame (Figure 5.2, left), is now the universal standard for wood light frame construction.

93
Q

What are the primary disadvantages of wood light frame construction?

A

Vulnerability to fire and decay

-Wood light frame construction has its deficiencies: If ignited, it burns rapidly; if exposed to dampness, it decays.

94
Q

What term is used to describe panels made by casting concrete onto a framework of steel studs?

A

Panelized concrete and steel system

-Light gauge steel studs can be combined with concrete to produce thin, but relatively stiff, wall panel systems… A variety of production methods are possible that involve casting an approximately 2-inch (50-mm)-thick concrete facing onto a framework of steel studs.

95
Q

What is the typical spacing for steel studs, joists, and rafters in wood light frame construction?

A

16 inches, and 24 inches (610 mm) o.c.

96
Q

What is the advantage of using steel framing for interior partitions in mixed-use buildings?

A

Lighter weight and ease of installation , and Lower cost compared to wood

97
Q

Which type of wood panel is commonly used for exterior siding or in applications permanently exposed to weather?

A

Exterior panels with waterproof glue and high-quality veneers

98
Q

Which feature distinguishes structural-grade plastic lumber (SGPL) from conventional solid wood?

A

Reinforcement with glass fibers

99
Q

How does light gauge steel framing compare to wood framing in terms of stability and uniformity?

A

Steel framing is more stable and uniform than wood framing

-Steel members tend to be straighter and more uniform than wood members (Figure 12.19), and they are much more stable dimensionally because they are unaffected by changing humidity.

100
Q

What was the main innovation that the balloon frame introduced to wood framing?

A

Elimination of heavy posts and beams

(Thrown out but just in case)

CMGT 110- Test 3 (4 decks)

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