test 4 Flashcards
(19 cards)
Population Genetics
Changes in phenotype and allele frequency in a population
Allele Frequency
rate at which a specific allele appears in a population
Heritability
phenotypic variation that is attributable to genetic variation
Natural Selection
can only act on heritable traits
Genetic drift
phenotype of a population moves specifically in one direction, eliminating the other phenotype.
Bottlenecking events
natural disasters that can impact genetic drift
Gene flow
alleles leave population through migration
Mutations
engine of evolution
non random mating
sexual selection - female picks male over specific trait
assortative mating - female choses mates over similar phenotype
physical location- geographic barriers or population spread out
environmental variance
abiotic factors, and temp dependent sex determination
adaptive evolution
natural selection is acting on a population
reproductive fitness
ability to survive and reproduce
-Hardy Weinberg equilibrium
Generation is no longer evolving, the populations alleles and genotypes are at a constant state.
- no mutations
- no migrations
- large population
- mate randomly
- no alleles favored
Real world
- used to predict future generations
- frequency of genetic disorders
Polymerase Chain Reaction
Helicase and topoisomerase are replaces with heat
Primase is replaces with DNA primers
Synthetic buffers to simulate cytoplasm
MgCl2 stabilize DNA
Electrophoresis
DNA fragments seperated by size
Neg charge go to pos cathode
DNA ladders determine size
DNA stained w/ ethidium bromide
UV light reveal bands
CLoning relies on
plasmids
- large number restrictive enzymes
- antibiotic resistance
Transcriptional fusion
gene promoter is fused in frame
Translational Fusion
gene promoter and gene of interest are fused in frame
transgenes
genetically introduced into the model organisms for study
