Test 4

Question 1

Inter cranial Self Stimulation

Answer 1

Peter Milner and James olds

rat shocked in reward system

Question 2

Addiction

Answer 2

the continued use of a mood altering substance or behavior despite adverse dependency consequences, or a neurological impairment leading to such behaviors

Question 3

Medial Forebrain Bundle

Answer 3

bridge of neurons that connect the VTA, limbic system, hypothalamus, and frontal cortex
where addiction happens

Question 4

Primary neurotransmitters of addiction

Answer 4

Dopamine

Noredrenaline

Question 5

Nucleus accumbens

Answer 5

part of basil ganglia

Question 6

Amphetamine and cocaine

Answer 6

blocks repute of dopamine and noredrenaline
block auto receptors so neuron doesn’t know when to stop pumping neurotransmitters
inhibits monoamine oxidase

Question 7

Descending Pathway hypothesis

Answer 7

interneurons routed through medial forebrain bundle

send signal to VTM area to do it again

Question 8

Opiates

Answer 8

Suppresses GABA interneurons which inhibit dopamine activity

Question 9

Tolerance

Answer 9

long-term potentiation (more receptors created so need more for same response)

Question 10

Dependence

Answer 10

to maintain neurotransmitter balance drug must be present

Question 11

Sensitization

Answer 11

reverse of tolerance (primed by environment)

Incentive Sensitization Theory of Addiction (Priming by drug)

Question 12

Caffeine

Answer 12

blocks adenosine (neurotransmitter inhibitor)
increases other neurrotransmitters

Question 13

Alcohol

Answer 13

absorbed in blood stream and cerebral spinal fluid
increases fluidity of neuron membranes (ion gates)
Higher levels cause blockage of gates

Question 14

Nicotine

Answer 14

Poison

mimics acetylcholine

Question 15

LSD

Answer 15

Synthetic form of ergot

Question 16

Treatment for Drugs

Answer 16

Extinction
distancing
reinforcement of alternative behaviors
delayed reinforcement

Question 17

Alzheimers

Answer 17

neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques

Question 18

1st stage of alzheimers

Answer 18

gradual decline of cog function

Question 19

2nd stage of alzheimers

Answer 19

Severe Memory loss
speech and verbal comp slower
working memory suffers

Question 20

3rd stage of alzheimers

Answer 20

severe disorientation and confusion

no longer recognize friends and family

Question 21

Fasaform face gyrus

Answer 21

facial recognition

Question 22

Tangles and Plaques

Answer 22

harden around neuron and prevent nutrient and oxygen

Question 23

Cholinergic theory

Answer 23

choline acetyltransferase normally synthesizes acetylcholine

lower levels of choline and neurons die since not being used leads to imbalance and more neuron death

Question 24

Amyloid Cascade Theory

Answer 24

a person has a genetic marker that increases amyloid proteins
they build up and destroy neurons

Question 25

Genes that promote alzheimers

Answer 25

1 14 21

Question 26

Amyloid Protein Blockers

Answer 26

new form of alz prevention

Question 27

Parkinsons

Answer 27

Bradykinesia (slowness of movement) Akinesia (difficulty in initiating action) common after 60

Question 28

Causes of Parkinsons

Answer 28

Reduction in dopamine activity in subsantia nigra (midbrain)

Question 29

Lewy Bodies

Answer 29

scists

Question 30

Chromosomes responsible for Parkinsons

Answer 30

4 6 mutations

Question 31

Treatment of Parkinsons

Answer 31

L-dopa (increases dopamines in sub niagra) doesn't help lewy bodies Stem cells turned into dopaminergic cells deep-brain stimulation through thalamus

Question 32

Huntingtons

Answer 32

Dancing disease no voluntary control over motor functions symptoms after child bearing years dominant gene

Question 33

Chorea

Answer 33

twisting involuntary motro ties

Question 34

Clinical course of Huntingtons

Answer 34

``` clumsiness, excess fidgeting, jerky movements lurching and stumbling; cog deficits rapid flailing movement in limbs difficulty eating leads to weight loss bedridden with paralysis and aphasia ```

Question 35

Causes of huntingtons

Answer 35

cortical destruction enlarged ventricles white and grey matter destruction destruction of caudate nucleus and cortical white matter (control of motor movements)

Question 36

Chromosome responsible for huntingtons

Answer 36

4 near short arm protein (htt)

Question 37

Sexual Selection

Answer 37

less predators more vibrant mating rituals and colors

Question 38

Gregor Mendel

Answer 38

discovered inheritance

Question 39

Dichotomous traits

Answer 39

categorical

Question 40

Alleles

Answer 40

same gene but different forms of gene dominant and recessive homozygous (two of same)/heterozygous (two different)

Question 41

Walther Flemming

Answer 41

Discovered rod like structures in cell (DNA)

Question 42

James Watson and Francis Crick

Answer 42

discovered DNA

Question 43

Deoxyribunucleic Acid

Answer 43

DNA | synthesizes amino acids to make proteins

Question 44

Deoxyribose

Answer 44

phosphate and sugar "rails"

Question 45

Nucleotide Bases

Answer 45

Adenine and Thymine | Guanine and Cytosine

Question 46

Codons

Answer 46

nucleotide triplets (pairs) synthesize amino acids (on/off switches)

Question 47

Additions

Answer 47

extra base pairs to different

Question 48

Deletions

Answer 48

some part removed

Question 49

Substitutions

Answer 49

when replicate have to find its partner

Question 50

Mendelian diseases

Answer 50

one gene causes disease

Question 51

Multifactorial Inheritence

Answer 51

Polygenetic traits

Question 52

Stem cell-mediated gene transfer

Answer 52

blank stem cell into an environment causing known mutations create physical expression of that gene

Question 53

retrovirus-mediated gene transfer

Answer 53

viruses usually insert DNA into cells they host | modified virus to replicate DNA

Question 54

Knockout Engineering

Answer 54

genes have been removed form fertilized egg | good for mendel genes but not polygenetic