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Life-121 > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: Tropical forest

A

High temp/precip.
none
logging

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2
Q

Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: Temperate grasslands

A

Wide range of temp., rather low precip
Fire is a large component (stops trees)
Farming

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3
Q

Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: Savanna

A

Warmer tropical grasslands, seasonal rain
Fire is a large component (stops forest)
Ranching, farming

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4
Q

Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: Chaparral

A

Mid temp., seasonal rain
Fire is a large component
coastal grassland
farm land

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5
Q

Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: Desert

A

Normally high temp but can be cool, very low precip
none
urbanization

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6
Q

Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: Temperate broadleaf forest

A

Broad precip (similar to coniferous), and temp (greater than coniferous) range
None
logging

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7
Q

Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: Northern coniferous forest

A 
Broad precip (simlar to broadleaf), and temp (less than broadleaf)
Fire is important for germination
least impacted, maybe logging
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8
Q

Climate type (Temp. and precip.), disturbance, human impact: tundra

A

Low precip, very cold temp
none
oil and mineral extraction

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9
Q

3 major catagories of interaction between organisms and the environment that limits species distribution

A

Dispersal limited
biotic factors
abiotic factors

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10
Q

3 things that affect dispersal

A

can’t get to a region
transplantation
introduction

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11
Q

4 things that affect biotic factors

A

competion
predation
pollinator
host

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12
Q

5 things that affect abiotic factors

A 
temperature
water and oxygen (less oxygen in deep water)
salinity
sunlight
rocks and soil
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13
Q

in per capita rate of change, r =

A

b - m

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14
Q

Exponential growth rate formula

A

dN/dt = rmaxN

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15
Q

Exponential growth rate model graph

A

population size/time, J shaped curve

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16
Q

Exponential growth rate model states

A

population growth in which organisms population size has no effect on growth rate

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17
Q

When does the exponential growth rate model exist

A

when there are unlimited resources

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18
Q

What is carrying capacity

A

maximum sustanable population size

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19
Q

Carrying capacity is influenced by

A 
Energy
shelter
refuge
nutrients
water
nesting
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20
Q

Logistic growth model formula

A

dN/dt = rmaxN((K-N)/K)

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21
Q

Logistic growth model: per capita rate of increase

A

dN/dt = rmax((K-N)/K)

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22
Q

What does the logistic growth model cause

A

decrease in growth rate as population size approaces carrying capacity

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23
Q

Logixtic growth rate model graph

A

population size / time, s shape curve

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24
Q

Not captured by logistic model

A

delay in population response to overshooting carrying capacity.

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25
The logistic model expects this
the population will gradually approach carrying capacity
26
Assumptions and Consequence of the logistic model
assumes K does not change | instantaneous adjustments to growth rate occur as a population reaches carrying capacity
27
What is life history (4)
age at first reproduction how often reproduction occurs how many offspring survival
28
Life history graph
reproduction / survival
29
Life history trade offs
Many offspring and high mortality | few offspring and low mortality
30
R-selected
many low quality and low parental care, far from carrying capacity
31
K-selected
few high quality and high parental care, close to carrying capacity
32
Mechanisms of density dependence (depends on own population)
``` Toxic wastes Territoriallty intrinsic factors (physiological response) Competition for resources Disease ```
33
Mechanisms of density dependence (depends on other populations)
Competition for resources Predation Disease
34
Graph of density dependence
Per capita growth rate / population density
35
Negative density dependence slope =
negative density dependent trait
36
0 density dependence slope =
density independent
37
Positive density dependence slope =
positive density dependent trait
38
Meta population terms (3)
immigration / emigration | Viable patches
39
Types of viable patches (2)
Occupied and unoccupied
40
Viable patches means
areas that a species is capable of inhabiting
41
How to think about pairwise interactions
effect of increasing species A on species B
42
Types of pairwise interactions (5)
``` competition (-/-) Predation (+/-) Herbivory (+/-) Sympiosis (varies) facilitation (+/+ or 0/+) ```
43
Types of symbiosis (3)
Parasitisim (+/-) Mutualism (+/+) Commensalism (+/0)
44
Competitive exclusion
one species dominates the other for one resource
45
Ecological niche
set of abiotic and biotic conditions/resources | different niches avoid competition
46
fundamental niche
possible set of conditions a speices could inhabit
47
realized niche
actual set of conditions given natural system and all factors
48
Resource partitioning (2)
different niche use by similar species | can be a consequence of natural selection
49
Character displacement (3)
closely related species morphological differences when sympatric leads to resource partitioning
50
Resource partitioning occurs in character displacement by
displacing morphological character when sympatric (together)
51
Cryptic coloration
blends into backround (camoflauge)
52
Aposematic coloration
sticks out of backround, generally toxic for predators
53
Two types of mimicry
Mullerian | Batesian
54
Mullerian mimicry (2)
Similar cues for 2 toxic pray | reinforce eachother
55
batesian mimicry
Organism looks toxic but isn't
56
Two things the shannon diversity index looks at
Species richness and eveness
57
Diversity includes these two things
``` Species richness(# of different species) Relative abundance (fraction of individuals per species) ```
58
Community ecology terms 3
diversity productivity stability
59
Community ecology: productivity
generatino of new biomass
60
community ecology: stability
similar relative abundance over time
61
Primary producers (2)
land=plants | aquatic = plants and phytoplankton
62
primary consumers (2)
``` land = herbivores aquatic = zooplankton ```
63
Secondary/tertiary/quaternary consumers
carnivores
64
Dominant speces (2)
most numberous relative abundance | best resource competitors and/or best at avoiding predators/disease
65
Kestone species (2)
Not dominate | critcal to mantining other species
66
Ecosystem engineers
alter physical environment affecting other species
67
What happens in top-down controsl
Trophic cascade | decrease predator has alternating affect on lower trophic levels
68
What happens in bottom-up controls (2)
increase base nutrient sees increase at all levels | decrease in predators has no affect on lower levels
69
What is the old view of community ecology
balance of nature
70
Fredric clements (2)
climax community determined by climate | tightly integrated community
71
Tansely
Micro climate leads to multiple communites in an area
72
Gleason
Chance and disturbance affect communites
73
Current view of community ecology
Nonequalibruim codel
74
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
just the right amout of disturbance is needed to have maximum diversity
75
Disturbance on the small scale
creates patches in landscape
76
disturbance on the large scale (2)
Some species dependent on disturbance | big impact on the landscape
77
Weakness of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis
few ecosystems follow the curve laid out by the hypothesis | some biomes require large scale disturbance to thrive
78
Ecological succession (2)
Primary succession | Secondary succession
79
Primary succession
when start with no soil, just rock
80
Secondary succession
when start with intact soil
81
Three things that affect the order of succession
facilitation inhibition tolerance
82
facilitation
One organisms helps another thrive
83
inhibition
one organism suppresses another
84
tolerance
one organism is indifferent to the presence of another
85
This is essential to the nonequalibrium view
disturbances
86
Energy does this in a system
Flows through
87
chemicals do this in a system
cycle
88
energy flows out of a system as
heat
89
can mass be lost from a particular system
yes, source or sink
90
Detritus
dead material that enters the detritus food web
91
detritavores
organisms that eat/decompose dead material
92
GPP
Gross primary product
93
GPP is
The total amount of production by primary producers
94
NPP
Net primary product
95
NPP is
The amount of production by primary producers after their own respiration The energy available for consumers in the ecosystem NPP = GPP - Ra
96
NEP
Net ecosystem production
97
NEP is
The amount of production by the primarry producers after the respiration of all the organisms NEP = GPP - Rt
98
NEP is equal to
the total biomass accumulation | carbon gain or loss
99
Energy/area/time =
biomass/area/time
100
NEP is this type of biomass
new biomass
101
NPP is typically this of GPP
50%
102
Most productive biomes (3)
tropical forests, estuaries, coral reefs
103
Least productive biome
Open ocean
104
Largest contributing biomes to global NPP
Tropical forest | open ocean
105
Limiting factros of NPP in aquatic systems
Light | Nutrients
106
Common limiting nutrients in aquatic systems
nitrogen phosphorus iron
107
Fresh water systems are often limited in
phosphorus
108
Common limiting nutrients in terrestrial systems
Temperature and moisture
109
Terrestrial NPP highest to lowest (5)
``` rainforest temperate grasslands forests deserts tundra ```
110
Secondary production
energy eaten by consumer that is turned into new biomass
111
How much of the global primary production do herbivores eat
1/6
112
Percent breakdown of energy consumed by primary consumers
50% released as feces 16% secondary production 32% cellular respiration
113
Production efficiency formula
= secondary production / assimilation
114
assimilation
portion of consumed energy not released as feces
115
What types of animals have higher production efficiency
ectotherms have higher production efficiency thant endotherms
116
Trophic efficiency formula
= secondary production / prior level production
117
Energy entering a system is always this
a pyramid of net production (10% steps)
118
Turnover time formula
standing crop/production
119
pyramid of biomass can be inverted when
lower levels have very fast turnover time
120
Limits to decomposition
temp, higher temp faster decomp moisture nutrients
121
Rainforest decomposition
months to years | 10% nutrients in soil
122
temperate forests decomposition
4 to 6 years | 50% nutrients in soil
123
Peat does this
slows down the decomposition rate\ | creates net ecosystem production of carbon to become positive
124
Aquatic decomposition
50 years or more
125
Decomposition is a function of
temperature
126
Biotic, abiotic, major pools, and human impact on: Water cycle
Biotic: transpiration abiotic: evaporation, evapotranspiration (major) major pool: ocean No large human impact
127
Biotic, abiotic, major pools, and human impact on: Carbon cyle
biotic: photosynthesis, respiration (major) abiotic: burning fossil fuels major pool: Sedimentary rocks, still a lot in other places human impact: burning fossil fuels
128
Biotic, abiotic, major pools, and human impact on: Nitrogen cycle
biotic: nitrogen fixation (Major) abiotic: lightening, human production major pool: atmosphere human impact: human production of fertilizers increases nitrogen for production
129
Biotic, abiotic, major pools, and human impact on: phosphorus cycle
biotic: decompostition abiotic: weathering of rocks (major) major pool: rocks human impact: some detergents and fertilizers

Life-121 (2 decks)

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