Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medical Microbiology > Test 4 > Flashcards

Test 4 Flashcards

(68 cards)

Start Studying
0
Q

What is prophylaxis?

A

Use of a drug to prevent imminent infection of a person at risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What is a chemotherapeutic drug?

A

Any chemical used in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is anti microbial chemotherapy?

A

The use of chemotherapeutic drugs to control infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are antimicrobials?

A

All-inclusive term for any antimicrobial drug regardless of origin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

Substances produced by the natural metabolic processes of some micro organisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are semisynthetic drugs?

A

Drugs that are chemically modified in the laboratory after being isolated from natural sources

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are synthetic drugs?

A

Drugs produced entirely by chemical reactions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is beta-lactamase?

A

Enzyme that can break down penicillin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is tetracycline?

A

Prescription drug. Rapid ejection by cell. Injected in, pumped right out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are probiotics?

A

Improve intestinal biota
Can replace microbes lost during antimicrobial therapy
Can augment biota already there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the side effects of drugs?

A

Direct damage to tissues
Allergic reactions
Disruption of normal biota

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are biota?

A

Harmless or beneficial bacteria
Colonists of healthy body surfaces
Can be destroyed by broad-spectrum antimicrobials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a superinfection?

A

Microbes that were once small in number overgrow when normal biota are destroyed by broad-spectrum antimicrobials

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Examples of superinfection

A

UTI
Yeast infection
Clostridium difficile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is clostridium?

A

Soil organism that can produce endospores
Infection is extremely difficult to get rid of
Fecal transplant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is conjugation?

A

In bacteria
Involves the transfer of DNA or plasma between cells
Cells connected by pilus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is transduction?

A

The transfer of genetic material from one bacterium to another by means of a bacteriophage vector
Viruses are used to transfer genetic information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is transformation?

A

In microbial genetics

The transfer of genetic material contained in “naked” DNA fragments from a donor cell to a competent recipient cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is mutation?

A

A change in the genetic material

A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Genetics

A

Study of heredity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Chromosome

A

The tightly coiled bodies in cells that are the primary sites of genes
Usually one per cell
Made of eukaryotic histones
Carries genetic information for the cell
In one specific tightly packed section of cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Gene

A

Segment of DNA that has the information to make a product
Site on a chromosome that provides information for a certain cell function
Contains the necessary code for making a protein of RNA molecule
Can be on plasmid making it easier to move from one cell to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

DNA

A

Nucleic acid
Double helix
Carries the master plan for an organisms heredity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is genotype?

A

Genetic makeup of an organism

Responsible for phenotype

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
What is phenotype?
Expressed and observable characteristics
25
What is sterilization?
Process that destroys or removes all viable organisms Kills endospores and vegetative cells Autoclave Incineration, dry oven, ionizing (x-Rays, cathode, gamma), gases
26
What is disinfection?
Physical process or a chemical agent to destroy vegetative pathogens but not bacterial endospores Removes harmful products of microorganisms from materials Bleach, iodine, boiling water, nonionizing (UV)
27
What is decontamination/sanitization?
Mechanically removes microorganisms as well as other debris to reduce contamination to safe levels Mechanical removal of most microbes Sanitization to the level of safety for human use Soaps, detergents
28
What is antisepsis/degermation?
Reduces the number of microbes on the human skin Decontamination on skin Cleans skin before surgery
29
What is a psychrophile?
Can grow slowly at freezing temperatures | Can secrete toxic products
30
What is desiccation?
Removing water Dehydration Organisms may resume growth if water is added back
31
What is lyophilization?
Combination of freezing and drying | Can preserve microorganisms in a viable state for a long time
32
Metabolism
Pertains to all chemical reactions and physical workings of the cell Stores energy in the form of ATP Anabolism and catabolism
33
Anabolism
Biosynthesis Results in synthesis of cell molecules and structures Forms larger molecules from smaller ones Requires energy
34
Catabolism
Breaks the bonds of larger molecules into smaller ones | Releases energy
35
Catalyst
Chemicals that increase the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction
36
Oxidize
Lose electrons
37
Reduced
Gains electrons
38
Redox pair
Redox reactions always occur in pairs | Electron donor and electron acceptor
39
Aerobic respiration
Converts glucose to CO2 Allows the cell to recover significant amounts of energy Final electron acceptor is free oxygen
40
Anaerobic respiration
Respiration without oxygen Used by strictly anaerobic but also those able to metabolize with or without oxygen Final electron acceptors are oxidized compounds
41
Fermentation
Incompletely oxidize glucose Oxygen not required Smaller amount of ATP is produced Final electron acceptor is organic compounds
42
Glycolysis
Converts glucose into pyruvate | Pathway that degrades glucose to pyruvic acid without requiring oxygen
43
Krebs cycle
Breakdown of glucose for energy Takes place in the cytoplasm of bacteria and in the mitochondrial matrix of eukaryotes Carbon and energy wheel
44
Electron transport system
Transfers electrons from donors to acceptors via redox reactions
45
Lipase
Breaks fats apart
46
Protease
Break proteins down to their amino acid components
47
Deamination
Reaction that removes amino groups
48
Final electron acceptor
The substance which receives the terminal waste product of cellular respiration
49
Amphibolism
The ability of a system to integrate catabolic and anabolic pathways to improve cell efficiency
50
Carbohydrate
Energy-rich Can yield a large number of electrons per molecule when catabolized Glucose
51
Energy
The capacity of a system to perform work
52
Endergonic reaction
Energy consumed
53
Exergonic reaction
Energy released
54
Enzyme
``` Makes metabolism possible Organic catalyst Speed up reactions to optimal rates Can be reused Matches with a specific substrate Unstable Can only function in specific conditions Vulnerable to denaturation Targets for physical and chemical agents Acted upon by regulatory controls ```
55
Active site
Catalytic site Where substrate attachment occurs Special pocket
56
ATP
Phosphate groups carry negative charge Causes a strain between the last two phosphates Removal of terminal phosphate releases energy
57
What products are made by cells during fermentation?
Alcohols and acids | Organic substances
58
Products of anabolism
Larger molecules necessary for the cell to grow and divide
59
Physical methods of microbial control
Heat | Radiation
60
Chemical agents of microbial control
Gases | Liquids
61
Mechanical methods of microbial control
Filtration
62
Methods of sterilization
Incineration, dry oven, autoclave, ionizing radiation, some gases, some liquids, filtration of liquids
63
Primary targets of microbial control
Microorganisms capable of causing infection or spoilage
64
Cellular targets of agents
Cell wall Cell membrane Cellular synthetic processes Proteins
65
Ionizing radiation
Penetrating X Rays Gamma rays Electron beams
66
Nonionizing
Nonpenetrating | UV
67
Factors taken into consideration by physician
What microorganism is causing the infection Degree of microorganisms sensitivity to various drugs Medical condition of the patient

Medical Microbiology (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions