Test 4/4/25 Flashcards
(202 cards)
1
Q
Triple Alliancemilitary alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy (though Italy later switched sides), which formed the core of the Central Powers in WWI.
A
Triple Alliance
2
Q
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
A
Central Powers
3
Q
A military alliance between France, Russia, and Britain, which later expanded into the Allied Powers during WWI.
A
Triple Entente
4
Q
France, Russia, and Britain
A
Allied Powers
5
Q
Causes of the war
A
Long-term militarism, alliances, imperialism, and nationalism, combined with the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, led to WWI.
6
Q
Schlieffen Plan
A
Germany’s strategy to avoid a two-front war by quickly defeating France in the west before turning to fight Russia in the east.
7
Q
Rape of Belgium
A
The brutal German invasion of Belgium, marked by atrocities against civilians, which fueled anti-German sentiment.
8
Q
Marne
A
first major Allied victory in World War I, halting the German advance into France and preventing a quick German victory.
9
Q
Verdun
A
France vs germany, attrition warfare, french held ground. Trench warfare ending
10
Q
Somme
A
british/french vs germany, relive pressure of battle on verdun, draw germans away, break the stalemate, biggest british offensive up to that point, turned into trench warfare, weakend germany
11
Q
Gallipoli
A
failed Allied attack on Ottoman Empire
12
Q
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
A
A 1918 peace treaty between Soviet Russia and Germany, ending Russia’s involvement in WWI
13
Q
Lusitania
A
A British passenger ship sunk by Germany in 1915, killing 1,198 people, including Americans, and increasing U.S. anti-German sentiment.
14
Q
Zimmerman Telegram
A
A secret German message urging Mexico to attack the U.S. in exchange for lost territories, which led the U.S. to join WWI.
15
Q
Weimar Republic
A
The democratic government of Germany from 1919 to 1933, struggling with economic crises and political instability.
16
Q
Treaty of Versailles
A
The 1919 peace treaty that ended WWI, imposing heavy reparations and blame on Germany.
17
Q
Clemenceau
A
Key Allied leaders at Versailles: Clemenceau (France, harsh on Germany)
18
Q
Lloyd George
A
Key Allied leaders at Versailles (Britain, moderate stance).
19
Q
Wilson & 14 Points
A
U.S. President Wilson’s plan for post-war peace, emphasizing self-determination and the League of Nations.
20
Q
National self-determination
A
The idea that ethnic groups should have their own nations and govern themselves.
21
Q
War guilt clause
A
Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles, which placed sole responsibility for WWI on Germany.
22
Q
Erich Maria Remarque
A
A German author best known for All Quiet on the Western Front, a novel depicting the horrors of WWI.
23
Q
All Quiet on the Western Front
A
A novel portraying the brutal realities of WWI through a German soldier’s perspective.
24
Q
Wilfred Owen
A
A British soldier-poet whose works, including Dulce et Decorum Est, exposed the horrors of WWI.
25
Dulce et Decorum Est
Owen’s poem condemning the idea that dying for one’s country is glorious.
26
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk
Founder of modern Turkey, who secularized and modernized the country.
27
Young Turks (1908)
A reformist group that overthrew the Ottoman sultan and sought modernization.
28
Comm. Of Union & Progress
The ruling faction of the Young Turks, responsible for radical reforms and the Armenian Genocide.
29
“three pashas”
The main leaders of the Ottoman Empire during WWI, responsible for war policies and mass killings.
30
turkification
A policy to assimilate minorities into Turkish culture, often forcefully.
31
Emanc. of women
Atatürk’s reforms granted women more rights, including suffrage and education.
32
Armenian Genocide
The mass killing of Armenians by the Ottoman Empire during WWI.
33
Criteria for genocide
Defined by the UN as the intentional destruction of a group based on ethnicity, nationality, religion, or race.
34
Gallipoli
A failed Allied invasion of the Ottoman Empire in WWI.
35
sharia law
Islamic legal system, which Atatürk abolished in Turkey.
36
Hamidian Massacres
The killing of Armenians under Sultan Abdul Hamid II in the late 19th century.
37
Diaspora
The forced dispersal of an ethnic group from its homeland.
38
War of Turkish Indep.
The war (1919-1923) led by Atatürk to establish modern Turkey.
39
Goodbye, Antoura
A memoir about Armenian children abducted during the genocide.
40
Totalitarian
A government that seeks total control over all aspects of life.
41
Authoritarian
A government with strong central power and limited political freedoms.
42
Revolution, causes of
Economic crises, political oppression, and public dissatisfaction often spark revolutions.
43
The political spectrum
A classification of political ideologies from left (communism) to right (fascism).
44
Communism
A political and economic system advocating classless society and state control of resources.
45
Soviet
Local workers’ councils that played a key role in the Russian Revolution.
46
Petrograd
The former name of St. Petersburg, central to the Russian Revolution.
47
Nicholas II
The last Russian Tsar, overthrown in 1917.
48
Nicolai Gogol
Russian writer whose works influenced Russian literature.
49
Alexander Pushkin
A Russian poet and playwright, considered the father of Russian literature.
50
Khodynka Field (1896)
A deadly stampede during Nicholas II’s coronation.
51
Bloody Sunday (1905)
A massacre of protestors by the Tsar’s forces, sparking unrest.
52
Tsarina Alexandra
Nicholas II’s wife, unpopular due to her influence over the Tsar and reliance on Rasputin.
53
Rasputin
A mystic who gained influence over the Russian royal family.
54
Russo-Japanese War
A 1904-1905 conflict in which Japan defeated Russia, weakening the Tsar’s rule.
55
Problems with WWI
High casualties, economic strain, and political instability in Russia.
56
Alexander Kerensky
Leader of the Russian Provisional Government before the Bolsheviks took power.
57
Social Revolutionaries
A political party advocating land redistribution.
58
Cadets
Russian liberals supporting constitutional monarchy
59
Social Democrats
A Marxist political group, split into Mensheviks and Bolsheviks.
60
Mensheviks
A moderate Marxist faction
61
Bolsheviks
A radical Marxist faction led by Lenin that took power in 1917.
62
peace, bread, land
Lenin’s slogan promising an end to war, food for the people, and land reforms.
63
Vladimir Lenin
Leader of the Bolsheviks who led the October Revolution and founded the Soviet Union.
64
Leon Trotsky
A key Bolshevik leader, organizer of the Red Army, and rival of Stalin.
65
Josef Stalin
Lenin’s successor, who ruled the Soviet Union with totalitarian control.
66
Proletariat
The working class, which Marxist theory sees as the revolutionary force against capitalism.
67
October Revolution
The working class, which Marxist theory sees as the revolutionary force against capitalism.
68
Coup d’etat
A sudden and illegal seizure of government power.
69
February Revolution
The 1917 uprising that led to the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II and the formation of the Provisional Government.
70
Provisional Government
The temporary Russian government after the February Revolution, overthrown by the Bolsheviks.
71
Russian Civil War
The conflict (1917-1922) between Bolshevik "Reds" and anti-communist "Whites."
72
Cheka
The Bolshevik secret police, responsible for political repression.
73
War Communism
A harsh economic policy where the Bolsheviks seized resources to support the war effort.
74
NEP
Lenin’s temporary policy allowing some private enterprise to revive the Soviet economy.
75
Red Terror
A campaign of political repression and executions by the Bolsheviks.
76
Machiavelli
Renaissance thinker whose ideas on power influenced totalitarian leaders.
77
Comintern
The Communist International, promoting worldwide communist revolution.
78
Party-state
A system where the ruling political party controls the government completely.
79
Five year plans
Stalin’s economic programs to rapidly industrialize the Soviet Union.
80
Collectivization
Stalin’s forced consolidation of private farms into state-run collectives, leading to famine.
81
Kulaks / dekulakization
Wealthy peasants targeted by Stalin’s policies and often executed or sent to gulags.
82
Literacy
The Soviet Union promoted mass literacy to spread communist ideology.
83
Socialist Realism
State-approved art and literature glorifying communism.
84
Party-minded
Soviet expectation that all aspects of life serve communist ideals.
85
Anna Akhmatova
A Russian poet persecuted under Stalin
86
“write for the drawer”
A phrase describing censored writers who hid their works.
87
cult of personality
The glorification of a leader, seen under Stalin’s rule.
88
purges
Stalin’s mass executions and imprisonments of political enemies.
89
show trials
Public trials of political enemies, often based on false charges.
Gulags
90
gulags
Soviet labor camps for political prisoners.
91
Zhenotdel
The Soviet women's department advocating for gender equality.
92
NKVD
The Soviet secret police, responsible for enforcing Stalin’s purges.
93
Sun Yat-sen
The first leader of the Republic of China, who advocated for modernization.
94
Three People’s Principles
Sun Yat-sen’s political philosophy of nationalism, democracy, and people’s livelihood
95
Nationalism
96
Democracy
97
People’s Livelihood
98
Jiang Jieshi
The nationalist leader of China who fought both communists and Japan.
99
Kuomintang
The Chinese Nationalist Party, led by Sun Yat-sen and later Jiang Jieshi.
100
May 4th Movement
A nationalist movement protesting foreign interference in China.
101
Mao Zedong
The communist leader who eventually established the People’s Republic of China
102
CCP
The party that led China’s communist revolution.
103
Long March
The Chinese communists’ retreat from the KMT, strengthening Mao’s leadership.
104
Lu Xun
A Chinese writer known for critiquing traditional society.
105
Diary of a Madman
A short story by Lu Xun exposing the corruption of Confucian values.
106
Hirohito
Emperor of Japan during WWII.
107
Meiji Restoration
Japan’s modernization movement in the late 19th century.
108
Constitutional monarchy
A system where a monarch’s power is limited by a constitution.
109
Kokutai
The Japanese national identity emphasizing loyalty to the emperor.
110
Zaibatsu
Large Japanese industrial conglomerates controlling much of the economy.
111
Greater East Asia Co-Prosp. Sphere
Japan’s vision of regional dominance, justifying expansion.
112
State Shinto
The state-endorsed religious ideology in Japan, promoting nationalism.
113
Mukden Incident
A staged attack by Japan to justify invading Manchuria.
114
Spanish Civil War
A conflict (1936-1939) between fascists and republicans, with Franco’s victory leading to dictatorship.
115
Francisco Franco
The fascist leader of Spain from 1939 to 1975.
116
Pablo Picasso
A Spanish artist who painted Guernica, depicting the horrors of war.
117
Guernica
A Spanish town bombed by German forces during the Spanish Civil War.
118
Mussolini
Italy’s fascist dictator, allied with Hitler in WWII.
119
Fasces / Fascism
An authoritarian ideology promoting nationalism, militarism, and dictatorship.
120
Blackshirts
Mussolini’s paramilitary force.
121
March on Rome
Mussolini’s 1922 seizure of power.
122
Rome-Berlin Axis
The alliance between Mussolini and Hitler.
123
Paul von Hindenberg
The German president who appointed Hitler as chancellor.
124
Economic conditions
Post-WWI economic collapse in Germany fueled extremism.
125
Reasons for Nazi acceptance
Economic crisis, nationalism, and fear of communism led to Hitler’s rise.
126
Adolph Hitler
The Nazi leader who started WWII.
127
Lebensraum
Hitler’s policy of territorial expansion.
128
Mein Kampf
Hitler’s book outlining his ideology.
129
Blitzkrieg
A fast-moving warfare strategy used by Germany in WWII.
130
Demographic shifts
WWII led to massive population displacement.
131
Night of the Long Knives
Hitler’s purge of political rivals
132
Nat’l Socialist Party
Hitler’s fascist party.
133
Gestapo
The Nazi secret police.
134
Fuhrer
The title Hitler assumed as Germany’s dictator
135
Reichstag Fire
A suspicious fire Hitler used to justify eliminating political opposition.
136
Scientific Racism
Pseudoscience used to justify Nazi racial policies.
137
Nuremberg Laws
Anti-Jewish laws in Nazi Germany.
138
Nanking
The mass killing and rape of Chinese civilians by the Japanese army in 1937.
139
Chang vs. Yamamoto
A debate over military leadership and responsibility in the Pacific War.
140
“command irresponsibility”
The concept of military leaders avoiding accountability for war crimes.
141
Abyssinia (Ethiopia)
The 1935 Italian invasion of Ethiopia, showing the weakness of the League of Nations.
142
Rhineland
demilitarized zone reoccupied by Germany in 1936, violating the Treaty of Versailles.
143
Alsace-Lorraine
A historically contested region between France and Germany.
144
Anschluss
Hitler’s 1938 annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany.
145
Sudetenland
A German-speaking region of Czechoslovakia given to Hitler in the 1938 Munich Agreement.
146
League of Nations
A failed international organization meant to prevent war.
147
Appeasement
Britain and France’s policy of conceding to Hitler’s demands to avoid war.
148
Danzig
A disputed Polish city that Hitler used as a pretext for invading Poland.
149
volksdeutsche
Ethnic Germans living outside Germany whom Hitler sought to reunite.
150
Lebensraum
Hitler’s policy of territorial expansion into Eastern Europe.
151
Maginot Line
France’s defensive fortifications along its German border.
152
Phony War
The early months of WWII (1939-1940) with little actual fighting.
153
Dunkirk
The 1940 evacuation of Allied soldiers from France
154
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggr. Pact
A 1939 treaty between Germany and the USSR to divide Eastern Europe.
155
Anti-Comintern Pact
A 1936 agreement between Germany and Japan against communism.
156
Pact of Steel
A military alliance between Germany and Italy.
157
blitzkrieg
German strategy of fast-moving warfare
158
Luftwaffe
The German air force.
159
Operation Sea Lion
Germany’s failed plan to invade Britain.
160
Winston Churchill
Britain’s Prime Minister who led the fight against Nazi Germany.
161
Battle of Britain
Germany’s failed air campaign against Britain.
162
Royal Air Force (RAF)
Britain’s air force, which defended against the Luftwaffe.
163
Turning Points
WWII
164
Stalingrad
The brutal battle (1942-43) where the Soviets defeated the Germans, marking a turning point.
165
Scorched earth tactics
The Soviet strategy of destroying resources to deny them to the enemy.
166
Pearl Harbor
Japan’s surprise attack on the U.S. on December 7, 1941, leading America into WWII.
167
December 7, 1941
The date of the Pearl Harbor attack.
168
Midway
A crucial 1942 naval battle where the U.S. defeated Japan, shifting the war in the Pacific.
169
Battle of El Alamein
A major battle where the British defeated Germany in North Africa.
170
Midway Miracle
The unexpected U.S. victory at Midway, which crippled Japan’s navy.
171
D-Day (June 6, 1044)
The Allied invasion of Nazi-occupied France.
172
Winning the War
War
173
Operation Overlord
The code name for the D-Day invasion.
174
Normandy
The region in France where D-Day landings occurred.
175
lebensraum
Hitler’s policy of territorial expansion into Eastern Europe.
176
The Blitz
Germany’s bombing campaign against British cities.
177
Radar
A crucial British technology in detecting enemy aircraft.
178
Dwight Eisenhower
The Supreme Allied Commander who led D-Day.
179
B. Montgomery
A key British general in WWII.
180
Omaha Beach
One of the primary landing sites on D-Day.
181
Tehran, Yalta, Potsdam
The major WWII conferences where the Allies planned postwar Europe
182
Battle of the Bulge
Germany’s last major offensive in WWII, ultimately failing.
183
Harry Truman
The U.S. president who ordered the atomic bombings of Japan.
184
Hiroshima, Nagasaki
The Japanese cities destroyed by atomic bombs in August 1945.
185
Dehumanization
The process of stripping people of their humanity, often used in propaganda and genocide.
186
Utilitarianism
The ethical theory of maximizing overall good, often used to justify wartime actions.
187
Dresden, Hamburg
German cities heavily bombed by the Allies.
188
Tokyo, London
Cities heavily affected by bombings during WWII.
189
Incendiary bombing
Bombing designed to create firestorms.
190
Napalm
A flammable weapon used in bombing raids.
191
“Just War” theory
The philosophy concerning the justification of war.
192
Morale bombing
Bombing civilians to break their will to fight.
193
Proportionality of means
A concept in war ethics about using force in proportion to the objective.
194
Norden bomb sight
A U.S. device used for precision bombing.
195
Comfort Women
Women forced into sexual slavery by the Japanese military.
196
Chongsindae
The Korean term for "comfort women."
197
Bataan Death March
The forced march of U.S. and Filipino prisoners by Japan, leading to thousands of deaths.
198
Palawan Massacre
The execution of U.S. POWs by the Japanese in 1944.
199
Cabantuan
A Japanese POW camp in the Philippines
200
August 1 Kill-All Order
A Japanese order to execute all POWs in the Philippines.
201
POW stats
Statistics on the high death rates of prisoners of war.
202
Lost Names
A book about Korean identity under Japanese rule.
