Test 4: 59 zootoxins

Question 1

eating grass carp gallbladder can cause

Answer 1

acute tubular necrosis and focal hepatitis

(same with snake and chicken gallbladders)

Question 2

how to fish get cirguatera poisoning

Answer 2

from eating dinoflagellate (gambierdiscus toxicus)

Question 3

clinical signs of ciguatera poisoning

Answer 3

Numbness of mouth and limbs, vomiting, diarrhea, hot and cold flushes, aching joints and muscles
* Associated with consumption of tropical reef fish
* Low fatality rate

Question 4

palytoxin is caused by

Answer 4

zoanthid(coral) palythoa toxica

ostreopsis blooms

converts Na/K pumps into pores

Question 5

clinical signs of palytoxin exposure

Answer 5

• Ingestion may cause sharp metallic taste, vomiting and diarrhea, chest pains, difficulty breathing, tachycardia, unstable blood pressure, progressive paralysis, rhabdomyolysis (black urine), and elevated CPK levels
• Inhalation may cause cough, dyspnea, sore throat, rhinorrhea, rash, fever, headache, lacrimation, nausea, vomiting

coral (zoanthis) paluthoa toxica- ostreopsis blooms → Na/K pumps into pores

Question 6

what kind of animals can make tetrodotoxin

Answer 6

puffer fish (fugu)
california newt
blue ringed octopus

many others

Question 7

how does tetrodoctoxin work

Answer 7

Concentrated in gonads and liver
* Not heat labile
* Blocks sodium channels on nerve and muscle membranes
* Blocks nerve conduction and decreases muscle responsiveness

Question 8

scombroid poisoning

Answer 8

improper storage of fish
histidine → histamine
saurine
urocanic acid

Question 9

clinical signs of scombroid posioning

Answer 9

• Sweating, headaches, diarrhea, and nausea can occur within minutes
• Also tingling/burning sensation in the mouth, facial swelling, rash, hives and itchy skin

resolves in 12 hrs

histamine, saurine, urocanic acid
refreezing frozen fish

Question 10

stingray spine causes

Answer 10

vasodilation/ vasoconstriction, bradycardia

Question 11

scorpionfish can produce venom from

Answer 11

dorsal, anal, and pelvic spines and the surrounding skin

Question 12

catfish have toxins where

Answer 12

spines: venom that causes pain and edema

skin: crinotoxins

Question 13

paralytic shellhish poisoning is caused by the accumulation of toxic

Answer 13

dinoflagellates (algea)

(red tide)

Question 14

what are some toxins associated with red tide/ paralytic shellfish poisoning

Answer 14

• Saxitoxin – related to tetrodotoxin
• Neosaxitoxin
• Gonyautoxin I-VIII
• Brevetoxins a and b
• Okadaic acid-like toxin
• Domoic acid – causes amnesic shellfish toxicosis

Question 15

fire ants can make

Answer 15

alkaloids

Question 16

ants can spray — into bite wounds from abdominal glands

Answer 16

formic acid

Question 17

ants can produce

Answer 17

• Formic acid – sprayed into bite wounds from abdominal glands
• Proteinaceous venoms (peptides and enzymes) – paralytic to invertebrates, neurotoxic to vertebrates
• Hemolysin – P. barbatus (red fire ant)
• Histamine, serotonin, dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine
• Alkaloids – unique to fire ants

Question 18

bees, wasps and hornets can cause local tissue damage by

Answer 18

phospholipase A2, hyaluronidase, melittin, acid phosphatase, and a fifth unidentified allergen

Question 19

bees wasps and hornets produce what non allergens

Answer 19

histamine, dopamine, norepinephrine, amino acids

Question 20

blister beetles are found where

Answer 20

eat alfalfa

horses can accidently eat is bugs in hay

Question 21

blister beetles produce what toxin

Answer 21

cantharidin: potent vesicant

Question 22

clinical signs of blister beetle exposure

Answer 22

cantharidin toxin

• Peracute death from shock if high doses
• Otherwise, colic, anorexia, alimentary tract ulceration, hyperthermia, weakness, depression, dehydration, dysuria, hemoconcentration, diarrhea, death
• Diagnosis based on clinical signs, lesions, identification of beetles in hay
• ulceration or erosion in the terminal portions of the esophagus, stomach, and intestines
• reddening of the mucosa of the GI tract and urinary bladder
• Streaks of ventricular myocardial necrosis occasionally occur

Question 23

fireflies have what toxin

Answer 23

lucibufagins
* steroidal pyrones
* structurally similar to bufodienolides and cardenolides

Question 24

clinical signs of firefly ingestion

Answer 24

Head-shaking, oral
gaping, color changes, and death

lucibufagin toxin

Question 25

monarch butterfly toxins

Answer 25

eat milkweed (asclepias)

cardiac glycosides

cause immediate emesis in birds

Question 26

what toxin in sawfly larvae

Answer 26

lophyratomin in larvae

live at botton of silver lead ironbark eucalyptus (E. melanophobia)

cause hepatic necrosis +/- renal damage

Question 27

tent caterpillars cause

Answer 27

abortion in horses

Question 28

lactrodectus mactans is the

Answer 28

black widow spider

Question 29

The primary toxin for black widow spiders is thought to be —, a large, labile protein neurotoxin

Answer 29

α-latrotoxin

Promotes calcium-independent neurotransmitter release

Question 30

clinical signs of black widow bite

Answer 30

muscle fasciculation or rigidity, abdominal pain, ataxia, and flaccid paralysis that may then progress to an ascending paralysis
* Cats also exhibit vomiting, hypersalivation, and diarrhea

If respiratory muscles become involved, dyspnea and altered breathing may develop
* Death can occur due to respiratory or cardiovascular
collapse

⍺- latrotoxin

Question 31

treatment for black widow spider bite

Answer 31

supportive care- resolves in a few days

antivenin available but not used often $$

Question 32

clinical signs of brown recluse spider bite

Answer 32

dermal necrosis caused by sphingomyelinase

can also intoduce clostridial infection → need antibiotic

Question 33

ascending paralysis can be caused by — toxin in ticks

Answer 33

holocyclotoxin → death from respiratory paralysis

Dermacentor andersoni, D. variabilis, D. occidentalis and Ixodes holocyclus

Question 34

how to treat holocyclotoxin

Answer 34

Rapid recovery following tick removal

neurotoxin in Ixodes tick that can cause ascending paralysis

Question 35

how do frogs become toxic

Answer 35

eating ants, beetles and millipedes

many pet frogs not toxic

Question 36

what are some toad toxins

Answer 36

• **Bufagins **– sterol aglycones with digitalis-like effects
• Bufotoxins – conjugates of bufogenin with suberyl arginine
  – mechanism similar to bufogenin
• Bufotenines - tryptamine bases
• Also epinephrine, cholesterol, ergosterol, and serotonin

Question 37

clinical signs of toad toxins

Answer 37

Salivation, cardiac arrhythmias,
hypotension, hyperkalemia, weakness, ataxia, collapse, seizures, coma

bufagins, bufotoxins, bufotenines

Question 38

how to treat toad toxicity

Answer 38

wash out mouth

EKG
atropine for ↓HR
β antagonists (propranolol) for ↑HR
digibind

Question 39

what do pit vipers look like

Answer 39

rattlesnakes and massausaugas
Copperheads and cottonmouths

arrow shaped head
Retractable, hinged fangs
Venom gland is a modified parotid gland

crotalidae- pit vipers

Question 40

elapidae

Answer 40

coral snakes, Cobras, kraits, mambas

Short, grooved fangs
Fangs fixed, not hinged
Small round head with round eyes

Question 41

yellow next to black

Answer 41

kingsnake

coral snake: yellow and red touch

Question 42

what is in snake venom

Answer 42

phospholipase A2 (PLA2)

Question 43

— found in snake venom causes —

Answer 43

phospholipase A2 (PLA2)

• Hemolytic activity
• Cardiotoxic →Myotoxin disrupts membranes, inhibits cellular respiration, uncouples oxidative phosphorylation
• Anticoagulant
• Neurotoxin → Decreases ACh release from presynaptic membrane and binds ACh receptor on postsynaptic membrane

Question 44

— is the spreading factor found in snake venom

Answer 44

hyaluronidase

allows venom to penetrate into tissues

Question 45

— snake bites hurt

Answer 45

crotalidae (pit vipers: rattlesnakes, copperheads and cotton mouths)

Question 46

crotalid bites present with —

Answer 46

Pain, swelling, erythema at bite site
* Progressive edema, local hemorrhage, tissue necrosis
* Severe bites → hypovolemic shock

crotalidae (pit vipers: rattlesnakes, copperheads and cotton mouths)

Question 47

Neurotoxin of Mojave – can cause flaccid paralysis/respiratory paralysis

Answer 47

rattlesnake

Question 48

elapid bites present as

Answer 48

delayed

minor pain and swelling

neuro signs in cats: weakness and paralysis

marked hemolysis in dogs

Progressive paralysis and respiratory failure may require rapid intubation and artificial ventilation

elapidae: cobras, kraits, mambas and coral snakes

Question 49

treatment for snake bites

Answer 49

antivenin

no steroids

crotalid (pit vipers- copper head, cottonmouth, rattlesnake) treat pain, edema and hypovolemic shock and tissue necorsis

elapid (coral snakes, cobras, kraits, mambas) treat neuro (cats) or hemolysis in dogs, progressive paralysis →respiratory failure and death