Test 4 (Chapters 11-13) Flashcards

Question

Beaman, Barnes, Klentz, & McQuirk (1978) study

Answer 1

-one group heard about bystander effect while others was a random topic -bystander lecture 48% helped -random lecture 25% helped

Answer 2

intentional behavior aimed at causing physical harm or psychological pain to another person -can be physical or verbal

Answer 3

aggression stemming from feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain

Answer 4

in a football game, a player on the losing team tackling the quarterback harder than necessary because he wants to hurt him, not necessary for the game (late hits, unnecessary roughness)

Answer 5

aggression as a means to some goal other than causing pain

Answer 6

a football player tackling the quarterback to get him to fumble the ball

Answer 7

Physical aggression is genetically programmed Men -To establish dominance over other males - To ensure paternity of their children Women -To protect their children

Answer 8

Hormone associated with aggression -Higher levels in males -Higher levels of testosterone are associated with-increased aggression -Studies have found that violent criminals have higher levels of naturally occurring testosterone compared to criminals convicted of non-violent crimes

Answer 9

-We’re born with an innate capacity for aggressive behavior, but the expression of aggression is learned and depends on our circumstances and culture -Ex: all males have testosterone, but the rates of aggression and violence vary dramatically

Answer 10

Research shows that males tend to be more overly, physically aggressive than females (e.g., directly lashing out against someone)  However, females tend to express their aggressive feelings more covertly (e.g., gossiping, talking about someone behind their back, spreading false rumors)  Relational aggression

Answer 11

-both react equally -So in other words, in everyday life situations, when nothing special is going on, men behave more aggressively than women -But when provoked (e.g., frustrated, insulted, etc.), women will react almost as aggressively as men

Answer 12

the theory that people learn social behavior (e.g., aggression) in large part through observation and imitation of others and by cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs -You learn what is appropriate by watching others be rewarded and punished for behavior

Answer 13

-Shows you this is how you are supposed to behave -You develop the expectation that if you behave in this same way, you can get the same reward

Answer 14

-Shows you this is NOT how you are supposed to behave -You develop the expectation that if you behave in this same way, you will also be punished

Answer 15

Had three conditions -One group of children watched an adult beat up a Bobo doll and get rewarded -One group of children watched an adult beat up a Bobo doll and get punished -The other group of children did not see any aggressive acts against the doll -The children were then allowed to play with the doll -Researchers were interested to see who would act out against the doll Results -Children who saw aggression rewarded were much more likely to beat up the Bobo doll -They behaved in the same aggressive manner as the adults (they beat up the doll just as the adults had) -Children who saw aggression punished were much less likely to beat up the Bobo doll

Answer 16

-Alcohol reduces our social inhibitions, making us less cautious than we usually are Alcohol also disrupts the usual way we process information, making us more likely to interpret a situation as one of provocation when it really isn’t

Answer 17

participants had to immerse their hand in painfully cold water or normal temperature water -Those who had to experience the pain of the cold water were much more likely to act aggressively against other students

Answer 18

-Participants either worked in a normal temperature room or a room that was heated to 90 degrees -The students in the hot room reported feeling more aggressive and also expressed more hostility toward a stranger whom they were asked to describe and rate

Answer 19

frustration increases the probability of an aggressive response

Answer 20

Had a confederate cut in line at a grocery store -Two conditions -Cut in front of second person -Cut in front of 12th person Results -The person who was cut in front of was much more aggressive if s/he was the second person in line

Answer 21

Aggression can stem from the need to reciprocate (they started it)

Answer 22

the increase in aggression that can occur because of the mere presence of a gun or other weapon

Answer 23

Two conditions -Gun -Badminton racket Participants were then given the opportunity to administer what they believed were electric shocks to a fellow student Results -Ps who were made angry in the presence of a gun administered more intense electric shocks that those made angry in the presence of the badminton racket

Answer 24

the notion that “blowing off steam” (by behaving aggressively or watching others do so) relieves built-up anger and aggressive energy and hence reduces the likelihood of further aggressive behavior ( doesn’t really help)

Answer 25

a hostile or negative attitude toward people in a distinguishable group, based solely on their membership in that group

Answer 26

if you are prejudiced against a certain group, this means that you’re primed to be distant or hostile against any person from that group because you believe they are all alike

Answer 27

Emotional reaction towards the attitude object

Answer 28

Beliefs or thoughts about the attitude object

Answer 29

Actions or behavior towards the attitude object

Answer 30

negative emotional reaction toward a group of people

Answer 31

a generalization about a group of people in which certain traits are assigned to virtually all members of the group, regardless of actual variation among the members

Answer 32

stereotypic views of women that suggest that women are inferior to men • Ex: women are less intelligent, less competent

Answer 33

stereotypic views of women that are more positive but idealistic • Ex: women are kinder, gentler, empathetic, more nurturing and sensitive

Answer 34

unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group solely because of his/he membership in that group Ex: So, you treat someone unfairly solely because they belong to a certain group

Answer 35

slights, indignities, and put-down directed at minorities

Answer 36

-following a minority around a store •Insulting because it assumes that they are going to try to steal something commenting that a(n) (American) minority speaks English “really well” or doesn’t have an accent; asking someone where they are “really” from, even though the person was born in the US and has lived here their entire life • Insulting because it assumes the person is a foreigner and doesn’t belong

Answer 37

Results • Caucasian participants were especially likely to “shoot” an African American man, whether or not they were holding a gun • They made the most “shooting” errors when the African American man was unarmed • You can see how this Caucasian African American discrimination plays outUnarmed Armed in the real world

Answer 38

One Black debater & one White debater • Manipulated 2 variables • Performance • Black debater performed better • White debater did better -Comments • Racist • Non-racist • No comment

Answer 39

DEF: a test though to measure unconscious (or implicit) prejudices according to the speed with which people can pair a target face with a positive or negative association

Answer 40

Ex: math teacher thinks girls are bad at math

Answer 41

• Ex: might not call on girls in a math class, be less willing to help girls compared to the boys

Answer 42

Ex: girls have worse math scores than boys (because the teacher is ignoring them; not because they are actually bad at math)

Answer 43

the threat elicited when people perceive that others are evaluating them as a member of their group instead of as an individual • This pressure or burden they put on themselves ends up negatively affecting their performance

Answer 44

practices that discriminate, legally or illegally, against a minority group by virtue of its ethnicity, gender, culture, age, sexual orientation, or other target of societal or company prejudice • Normative conformity also plays a role here

Answer 45

the tendency to go along with the group in order to fulfill the group’s expectations and gain acceptance • -So you act prejudiced in order to be liked and accepted by your group

Answer 46

the part of a person’s self-concept that is based on his/her identification with a nation, religious or political group, occupation, or other social affiliation

Answer 47

the tendency to favor members of your own group and give them special preference over people who belong to other groups • Positive feelings and special treatment for people part of the in-group • Negative feeling and unfair treatment for people in the out-group

Answer 48

• Ps assigned to 1 of 2 groups • Based on a coin toss • Ps watched the coin toss • Group members had to work on a task together in competition with the other group • Results • Although they were strangers before the toss, after groups were formed, they behaved as though these people were close friends or kin • They rated members of their in-group better than members of the out-group • Liked them more, thought they were more pleasant, did better work

Answer 49

the perception that individuals in the out-group are more similar to each other (homogeneous) than they really are, as well as more similar than the members of the in-group are • You believe that they are all alike

Answer 50

the tendency to blame individuals (make dispositional attributions) for their victimization, typically motivated by a desire to see the world as a fair place

Answer 51

the idea that limited resources lead to conflict between groups and results in increased prejudice and discrimination • Thus prejudiced attitudes tend to increase when times are tense and conflict exists over mutually exclusive goals

Answer 52

According to the contact hypothesis, reduction in prejudice will occur when you expose members of different groups to each other

Answer 53

social interactions between members of different groups -must be equal-be supported by law/norms -share common goal -involves inter group cooperation

Answer 54

the situation that exists when two or more groups need to depend on one another to accomplish a goal that is important to each of them

Answer 55

With the Eagles and Rattlers, the researchers created goals in which the two groups had to work together to succeed (e.g., repairing the water system supply, pulling their broken down bus up a hill) – this resulted in reduced hostility between the groups

Answer 56

a classroom setting designed to reduce prejudice and raise the self-esteem of children by placing them in small, multiethnic groups and making each child dependent on the other children in the group to learn the course material

Test 4 (Chapters 11-13) Flashcards

(80 cards)