Test 4: History of Corrections Flashcards
1
Q
Corrections
A
Involve the - treatment - incapacitation - and punishment of criminal offenders who have been convicted in a court of law
- retribution
- rehabilitation
- restitution
- deterrence
- incapacitation
2
Q
1st penitentiary
A
The Walnut Street Jail
3
Q
Correction Ideology:
Pennsylvania System
A
A system of imprisonment within which each prisoner is required to live and work in solidarity confinement throughout the entire sentence
•Penitence= Penitentiary
- inmates were only given a bible and their inner thoughts
- no speaking
4
Q
Correction Ideology:
Auburn System
(Silent System)
A
A system of imprisonment within which prisoners were permitted to work side by side, but at no time were they allowed to speak or even glance at one another
5
Q
Major Reform
Dont have to know
A
- repressive disciplinary measure fade
- new regulations allowed prisoners to talk and associate with one another in open manner
- prison labor
6
Q
In house prison labor
3 important reasons:
(dont have to know)
A
3 important reasons:
• keeps inmates occupied
• has rehabilitative value
• offsets cost of incarceration
7
Q
Types of prison labor *****
6
A
Lease system Contract system Piece price system Public account system State use system Public works and way system
- Lease system: uses inmate labor for private businesses. The BUSINESS is in control of the inmate
- Contract system: business keeps the labor, but prisoners are contracted. Business is not in control of the inmate- the GOVERNMENT is.
- Piece price system: labor is kept in the prison. Money is payed for each piece individually made
- Public account system: state sells the pieces made and collect the money. The state is the salesman
- State use system: inmate labor for state goods (ex. License plates, other items used by the state)
- Public works and way system: inmates clean up public works (ex: roads or buildings)
8
Q
Lease system ***
A
Contractors bud against one another to own the rights to inmate labor. Inmates work outside the prison facility , under the supervision of a private contractor, which is responsible for the inmate’s food, shelter, and clothing
- no longer in use
9
Q
Contract Labor system ***
A
Private contractor provide prisons with machinery and raw materials in exchange for the inmate labor to produce finished products
- no longer in use
10
Q
Public account system ***
A
The state retains control of inmate labor and provides convicts with the machinery and raw materials to produce finished products. The state sells the products on the open market and uses the profits to defray the cost of prison operations
11
Q
State use system ***
A
Prison labor is used to produce goods for state supported institutions (ex. Schools & hospitals)
*inmate labor for state goods (ex. License plates, other items used by the state)
12
Q
Piece price system ***
A
Contractors give raw materials to prisons, which use convict labor to produce finished products. Once the goods are manufactured, they are sold piece by piece to the contractor, which resells them on the open market
(Money is payed for each piece made)
13
Q
Correction ideology:
dont have to know
A
- during the 1930s -1970s the emphasis was on rehabilitation
- during the 70s-80s there was a return to the “justice model”
14
Q
Justice model
dont have to know
A
A goal of punishment that stresses the idea that offenders are responsible people and, therefore, deserve to be punished if they violate a law
15
Q
Jail
dont have to know
A
A secured local detention facility used to retain arrested individuals who are awaiting:
• arrangement
• trial
• sentencing
- less than one year of sentencing
16
Q
Prison
dont have to know
A
A state or federal correctional institution foe the incarceration of felony offenders for terms of longer than 1 year
17
Q
Types of prisons
A
- minimum security
- medium security
- maximum security
18
Q
Minimum security
4
A
- inmates who were considered low security risks
- relaxed perimeter security
- dormitories instead of cells
- flexible dress codes
19
Q
Medium security
4
A
- prisoners who were considered more dangerous and more prone to escape
- guard towers
- close circuit tv monitoring
- single / double fences
20
Q
Maximum security
5
A
- carefully designed to house the most dangerous and violent inmates
- very high walls
- multiple perimeter fences
- armed guards
- elaborate security measures
21
Q
Federal prison system **
A
• administrative maximum
- high security = US penitentiaries
- medium & low security = Federal Correctional Institutions (FCI)
- minimum security = Federal prison camps (FPC)
*most used are medium & low security
22
Q
ADMAX
A
Most secure security
23
Q
Total institution
A
A facility responsible for every aspect of life for those who live and work in it •food • shelter • medical • clothing • safety
24
Q
Prison capacity
Dont have to know
A
The size of the correctional population an institution can effectively hold
25
Rhodes v Chapman
Prison overcrowding is acceptable
26
Prison capacity
| dont have to know
* rated: capacity determined by experts
* operational: capacity determined by government
* design: how many people was it made/designed to hold
27
Pains of imprisonment
```
Deprives:
• liberty
• goods and services
• heterosexual relationships
• autonomy
• security
```
28
Sub rose economy
The secret exchange of goods and services among inmates
29
Prisonization
The process whereby newly institutionalized offenders come to ACCEPT PRISON LIFESTYLES and values
30
Convict code
A constellation of values, norms, and roles that regulate the way inmates interact with one another and with prison staff
*dont be a rat
31
Prison argot
The SLANG used by prisoners as it relates to criminal activity, incarceration, and prison life
32
Prison gangs ****
| 6
A gang that is formed in a prison
- created to prey on other prisoners/ protect themselves as a group
1. Neta
2. Aryan brotherhood
3. black guerrilla family (BGF)
4. Mexican Mafia
5. La Nuestra Familia
6. Texas Syndicate
33
Neta ****
* enemies (1)
* allies (2)
* identifiers (4)
• enemies:
- Los Solidos
• allies
- latin Kings
- Los Macheteros
• identifiers
- cross finger salute
- beads
- Puerto Rican Flag
- red, white & blue
34
Aryan brotherhood ****
* enemies (4)
* allies (3)
* identifiers (5)
• enemies
- Black Guerrilla Family
- crips
- bloods
- El Rukns
• allies
- silent brotherhood
- motor cycle gangs
- white supremacy groups
- dirty white boys
```
• identifiers
- swastikas
- duble lightening bolts
- shamrock clover
- “AB”
“666”
```
35
Black Guerrilla Family (BGF) ***
* enemies
* allies
* identifiers
• enemies:
- aryan brotherhood
- aryan brotherhood of texas
- mexican mafia
- texas syndicate
• allies:
- la nuestra familia
• identifiers:
- “BGF”
- cross sabers & shotguns
- “276”
- black dragon overtaking a prison / prison tower
36
Mexican Mafia (EME) ****
* enemies
* allies
* identifiers
• enemies:
* la nuestro familia
- black guerrilla family
- Northern structure
• allies:
- aryan brotherhood
- mexikanemi
• identifiers:
- “EME”
- “MM” or ”M”
- 1 handprint in black
- mexican flag symbol (eagle & snake) with “EME”
37
La nuestra familia ****
* enemies
* allies
* identifiers
• enemies:
- mexican mafia
- texas syndicate
- mexikanemi
- aryan brotherhood
• allies
- BGF
- Nortenos
- northern structure
• identifiers:
- #14 for “N”
- sombrero with dagger through it
- “NF” ”LNF” ”ENE” “F”
- red rags
- large tattoos / covering entire back
38
Texas syndicate (TS) ****
* enemies
* allies
* identifiers
• enemies:
- BGF
- mexican mafia
- la nuestra familia
- aryan brotherhood
• allies
- texas mafia
- border brothers
- dirty white boys
• identifiers:
- “TS”
39
hands off doctrine
| dont have to know
The judicial attitude toward prisons prior to the 1960’s in which courts did not become involved in prison affairs or inmate rights
40
Cooper v pate
Ended the hands off doctrine
41
Wolf v McDonnell
| Dont have to know
Created due process rights for inmates
42
Community based corrections
| Dont have to know
```
Correctional measures that are applied in the community rather than in jails or prisons
• pretrial release
• probation
• reentry programs
• parole
```
43
Risk assessment
| Dont have to know
Categorizing probationers so that they may receive an appropriate level of treatment and control
44
Probation
The correction service that allows an offender to remain in the community while complying with court imposed conditions
45
Caseload
The number of probation or parole clients assigned to the probation or parole office for supervision
46
Probation revocation
A court order taking away a convicted offender probationary status and usually withdrawing the condition freedom associated with that status
* mempa v rhay: probation revocation
47
Mempa v Rhay
probation revocation
48
Probation court cases
* Minnesota v Murphy
| * Us v Knights
49
Parole
The condition release of a prisoner before a full sentence has been served
50
Static factor
Those associated with the offenders prior criminal record
(Answers Will change)
Ex: how many times have you been on parole and it be revoked
51
Dynamic factors
Characteristics the offender has demonstrated since being incarcerated
(Wont change
Ex: how old are you
52
Parole board
Typically has exclusive responsibility for determining when an offender may be released
53
Discretionary parole
| Dont have to know
A parole board gas authority yo conditionally release prisoners based on a statutory or administrative determination of eligibility
54
Mandatory parole
| Dont have to know
Inmates ate conditional released from a prison after serving a specified portion of their original sentence minus any good behavior time
* good time
* meritorious time
55
good time
Time off for not doing anything bad
56
meritorious time
Time off for going above and beyond
57
Recidivism
The return of probation/ paroles to crime
58
Morrissey v Brewer
USSC provides minimum due process requirements for the REVOCATION OF PAROLE
59
split sentence
| Dont have to know
A sentence explicitly requiring the convicted offender to serve a period of confinement followed by a period if probation
60
Shock probation
Probation that is granted following a brief period of incarceration
- offender does not know when he/ she will be released
61
Intensive probation supervision (IPS)
Intensive supervise probation (ISP)
Small caseload of clients are monitored intensively in the community by probation officers
62
Home confinement
| Dont have to know
Sentencing of offenders to confinement in their own residence or in an alternative shelter or group home for the duration of their sentence
63
Electronic monitoring
Having criminal offenders wear an electric device that sends signals to a control office
64
Drug testing
A condition of freedom is to retain from the use of illegal drugs
65
English poor laws
| Dont have to know
Turns troubled, and homeless children into labors working in the homes of wealthy individuals or shopkeepers
66
Industrial revolution
| Dont have to know
Children became displaced factory workers
67
Houses of refuge
Primary objective was to reform poor, wayward children and turn them unto hardworking, productive members of the community
68
Delinquents
Arrest and convicted of criminal offenses usually of a serious or chronic nature
69
Status offenders
Caught doing something wrong only because its outlawed for a young person to do that
Ex: drinking, curfew, school
70
Fare v Michael C.
Allowed juvenile to waive their own rights
71
J. D. B. V North Carolina
A child’s age is important in determining comprehension
72
Schall v martin
Detention of juveniles, considered likely to engage in further crime prior to their trials, serves a legitimate state objective
73
Juvenile court act
• 1899 in Chicago
74
“Child savers”
Goal was to supervise children and provide legal safeguard
75
Parens patriate
| (“in the place of the parent”)
The government as guardian to the children and disabled adults
• Kent v U.S.
76
Kent v US
* Deals with waivers
| * transfers juveniles to adult court
77
In Loco Parentis
| “In place of the parent”
Assuming the duties and responsibilities of a parent
• New Jersey v T.L.O.
78
In Re Gault
Greatly expanded juvenile protection and rights
79
In Re Winship
Changed the standard of proof from preponderance of the evidence to BOYOND A REASONABLE DOUBT
80
McKeirer V Pennsylvania
Slowed down the granting of due process rights to juveniles by DENYING THEM DUE RIGHTS TO A TRIAL BY JURY
(Made them have bench trials)
81
Adjudication inquiry
* dismissal of charges
* informal supervision or “informal probation”
* referral to a social service agency
82
Disposition hearing (sentencing)
A presentence investigation report (PSI)
| • incarceration is often accompanied by an indeterminate sentencing
83
Discretionary waiver
Prosecutor files a motion, evidence is presented for and against a waiver, and the judge decides
84
Mandatory waiver
Automatic transfer to criminal court on the basis of the youths agin and the gravity of the offense
85
Presumption waiver
The juvenile must prove that the case belongs in the juvenile court
86
Direct file
Prosecutor has the jurisdiction to file charges jn either juvenile or adult court
87
Legislative waiver
Used for heinous crimes
• criteria include:
- age
- type of offense
- and prior record
88
Rover v Simmons
Prohibits the execution of minors
89
Jackson v Hobbs
And
Miller v Alabama
Mandatory sentencing for life without parole on offenders who were under the age of 18 when their crimes were committed is unconstitutional
