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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Test 4 Review > Flashcards

Test 4 Review Flashcards

1
Q

How are muscles named? (7).

A
  1. Location
  2. Function
  3. Shape
  4. Direction of fibres
  5. Number of heads or divisions
  6. Points of attachment
  7. Size of muscle
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2
Q

What muscles are in the shoulder girdle?

A 
Trapezius
Pectoralis minor
Levator scapulae 
Rhomboid muscles
Serrated anterior
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3
Q

What is a sprain?

A

Injury to the area of a joint and the LIGAMENT is damaged.

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4
Q

Housemaids knee.

A
  • inflammation of the patella
  • inflammation of the fluid filled cavity covering the knee cap often due to excess kneeling.
  • Bursitis.
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5
Q

Abduction

A

Move body part away from the midline

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6
Q

Adduction

A

Move body part towards the medial plane of the body.

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7
Q

Supination

A

Palm up

Thumbs pointed laterally

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8
Q

Pronation

A

Palm down

Thumb points medially

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9
Q

Inversion

A

Turns sole of foot onwards

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10
Q

Eversion

A

Turns sole of foot outwards

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11
Q

Protraction

A

Moves body parts forwards

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12
Q

Retraction

A

Moves body part back

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13
Q

Elevation

A

Moves body part up

Ex. Closing the mouth

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14
Q

Depression

A

Lowers a part

Moving in opposite direction from elevation

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15
Q

How can joints be named?

A

Structural or functional

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16
Q

Divisions of structurally named joints (2)

A

Fibrous or cartilaginous

Synovial

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17
Q

What’s another word for fibrous joints?

A

Synarthroses

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18
Q

What’s another word for cartilaginous joints?

A

Amphiarthroses

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19
Q

What’s another word for synovial joints?

A

Diarthroses

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20
Q

Are Synarthroses (fibrous) joints immovable, freely moveable, or slightly moveable?

A

Immovable

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21
Q

Are Diarthroses (synovial) joints immovable, freely moveable, or slightly moveable?

A

Freely moveable

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22
Q

Are Amphiarthroses (cartilaginous) joints immovable, freely moveable, or slightly moveable?

A

Slightly movable

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23
Q

Examples of sinarthroses joints (3)

A
  1. Syndesmoses - joints in which ligaments connect two bones
  2. Sutures - in skull
  3. Gomphoses - fibrous tissue between the root of a tooth and it’s alveolar process.
24
Q

Examples of amphiarthroses joints (2)

A
  1. Synchondroses - hyaline cartilage between bones (costal cartilage)
  2. Symphysis - joint in which a pad or disk of fibrocartilage connects two bones (pubis symphysis and articulation between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae).
25
Q

Examples of fibrous joints (immovable joints)

A

Sutures is the skull

Fibrous tissue between and tooth’s root and the alveolar process

Ligaments that connect two bones (i.e. radius + ulna).

26
Q

Example of hinge joint

A

Elbow joint

Ankle

Knee

Interphalangeal joints

27
Q

Examples of ball and socket joints

A

Hip joint

Shoulder joint

28
Q

What ions are needed for muscles to contract?

A

Calcium

29
Q

Isotonic

A

Same tension

Changing length

30
Q

Isometric

A

Same length changing tension

31
Q

What triggers twitch contractions?

A

Threshold stimulus is applied to the muscle (electrical impulse)

32
Q

What are the stages of a twitch contraction? (3)

A

Latent

Contraction

Relaxation

33
Q

Explain what happens in the latent period of a contraction.

A

Nerve impulses travel to sarcoplasmic reticulum to trigger the release of calcium.

34
Q

Explain what happens in the contraction period of a contraction.

A

Binding of calcium to troponin and the sliding of filaments.

35
Q

Explain what happens in the relaxation period of a contraction.

A

The sliding stops.

36
Q

What are myosin heads called?

A

CROSSBRIDGES

37
Q

What is a painful muscle contraction?

A

Cramps.

(Contraction of the uterus during the menstrual cycle when the lining is being shed creates painful contractions called cramps).

38
Q

Concentric contractions

A

Contractions in which movement results in the shortening of a muscle

Picking something up

39
Q

Eccentric contractions

A

Movement results in lengthening of the muscle being contracted

Putting something down.

40
Q

What influences the strength of a muscle contraction? (4).

A
  1. Length of fibre
  2. How much load we are picking up
  3. How many motor units are involved?
  4. Do we have calcium?
41
Q

What are the characteristics of muscle cells? (3)

A
  1. Excitability (irritability)
  2. Contractility
  3. Extensibility
42
Q

Excitability (irritability)

A

Ability to be stimulated

43
Q

Contractility

A

Ability to contract or shorten and produce body movement

44
Q

Extensibility

A

Ability to extend, or stretch, thereby allowing muscles to return to their resting length.

45
Q

What are efferent pathways?

A

Outgoing motor pathways

Bring information to the brain.

46
Q

What type of gila is the largest

A

Astrocytes

47
Q

What type of glia is the most numerous?

A

Astrocytes

48
Q

What do astrocytes do?

A

Transfer nutrients from the blood to the neurons

49
Q

Functions of the CNS (central nervous system)

A

Integrates incoming pieces of sensory information

Evaluates the information

And initiates an ongoing response.

50
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

Impulse conduction route to and from the CNS.

Smallest portion of the nervous system that can receive a stimulus and generate a response.

51
Q

Can neurons regenerate?

A

Neurons have limited capacity to repair themselves

If the damage is not extensive, the cell body and neurilemma are intact, and scarring has not occurred then nerve divers can be repaired.

52
Q

What does does the autonomic nervous system stimulate?

A

Involuntary body functions

Like glands, cardiac muscles, and smooth muscles!

“Involuntary tissue”

53
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

Prepares the body to deal with immediate threats to the internal environment. It produces the flight or fight response.

54
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

Coordinate the bodies normal resting activities. It is sometimes called the rest and repair division.

55
Q

How are skeletal muscles innervated?

A

Each skeletal muscle fibre is innervated by a single motor axon.

The same axon many also innervate other muscle fibres.

All the fibres innervated by the same axon are called a motor unit.

56
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system do?

A

Carries information to the autonomic or visceral effectors which are mainly smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, glands, adipose tissue, and other “involuntary” tissues.

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (6 decks)

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