Test 4 Study guide

Question 1

Copernican Theory of the Universe

Answer 1

Heliocentric View

Question 2

Universal Gravitation

Answer 2

Created by Newton; stated in his “Principia”; every body in the universe is attracted to one another.

Question 3

Modern Scientific Method

Answer 3

Developed by Francis bacon; empirically, based on experimentation

Question 4

Bernard de Fontenelle

Answer 4

Popularized scientific knowledge; made it understandable like reading a novel; other scientists did research.

Question 5

Causes of the Scientific Revolution

Answer 5

1. Medieval Universities -provided framework for asking questions and studying; development of mathematics and philosophy
2. The Renaissance: scientific rediscovery of what had been studied in Greek and Muslim societies.
3. Navigational Problems: Henry the Navigator; New Instruments- Telescope, Barometer, Thermometer, Pendulum clock, Microscopes, Air pumps.
4. Scientific Methodology: periodic Table; Francis Bacon- Empiricism(experimenting); René Descartes- Deductive reasoning, matter and mind

Question 6

Locke’s Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Answer 6

Tabula Rasa- We are blank slates; experiences form us and corrupt us

Question 7

Descartes’ Cartesian Dualism

Answer 7

“Mind and Matter”

Question 8

Voltaire’s Views on Government

Answer 8

Believed in enlightened despotism; deism (no belief in God)

Question 9

Rousseau’s Views on Women/ General will

Answer 9

Women best served society as wives and house keepers (like Luther’s beliefs); General will- rule in the favor of the people; If public can’t come to a decision, a small group can rule

Question 10

The Encyclopedia

Answer 10

Written by Denis Diderot; wanted to change general way of thinking; collection of political and social critiques from various enlightenment authors.

Question 11

Immanuel Kant

Answer 11

Believed people should have the courage to use one’s own understanding. Dare to know

Question 12

David Hume

Answer 12

Part of the Scottish Enlightenment (also Adam Smith); undermined belief in reason

Question 13

Enlightened Policies of Frederick II of Prussia

Answer 13

Mostly freed serfs on crown lands; abolished capital punishment, except in the army, encouraged immigration ( industrial growth); religious freedom (except for the Jews); Education in schools and universities; improved bureaucracy; reduced censorship

Question 14

Pierre Bayle’s Historical and Critical Dictionary

Answer 14

He wrote it; about skepticism

Question 15

Catherine the Great

Answer 15

Overthrew Peter III (called a Coup);

Question 16

Pugachev Rebellion

Answer 16

And did Catherine’s desire to reform serfdom; she gave Nobles power because she needed their support

Question 17

Maria Theresa’s actions towards the nobles and the peasants

Answer 17

Did more to help to help the serfs than any other monarch by limiting the nobles’ control and taxing them; hatted the enlightenmnet

Question 18

Joseph II’s conversion of labor obligations to cash payments

Answer 18

Made the serfs have a money debt to the nobles instead of a service debt; serfs and nobility hated his reforms.

Question 19

Salons

Answer 19

Where nobility gathered to share uncensored opinions on literature, science, philosophy, people, and the peasantry.

Question 20

Montesquieu’s Persian Letters

Answer 20

Mocks and criticizes French society; gov should be separated

Question 21

The Partitioning of Poland

Answer 21

Russia, Austria, and Prussia took partitions of Poland in 1772, 1793, and 1795 until Poland was gone. (HOP RAP)

Question 22

Mestizos

Answer 22

Of native american descent (Indian, Mexican)

Question 23

Seven Years’ War

Answer 23

Europe: War over Silesia
America: France and Britain fight
Ended by Treaty of Paris

Question 24

The Wealth of Nations

Answer 24

Written by Adam Smith

Question 25

Late Marriages

Answer 25

Men needed economic stability first

Question 26

Methodism

Answer 26

Appealing to the middle/lower class because it rejected Calvinism’s predestination

Question 27

Spinster

Answer 27

Old widowed women spun yarn as part of the Cottage Industry and had a lot of time;

Question 28

18th Century Medical Science Achievements

Answer 28

Edward Jenner: Vaccine for Small Pox by injecting Cow Pox; started use of vaccines and injections

Question 29

Aristotelian View of the Universe

Answer 29

Earth is at the center; everything surrounds the Earth on crystal spheres