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Test 4 Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

adenohypophysis

A

=anterior pituitary

arises from roof oral ectoderm

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2
Q

neurohypophysis

A

=posterior pituitary

arises from brain downgrowth

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3
Q

endocrine organs

A
  • no ducts–> release hormones directly into blood

- generally uses negative feedback for regulation

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4
Q

Hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

A
  • two capillary beds
  • hypothalamus releases releasing hormones into primary plexus
  • anterior pituitary releases hormones into secondary plexus
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5
Q

Hormones from hypothalamus/pituitary

A

1) releasing hormones from hypothalamus
2) hormones from anterior pituitary
3) hormones made by supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of brain then stored and released by posterior pituitary

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6
Q

Anterior pituitary regions

A
  • ~75% pars distalis
  • pars tuberalis-> wraps around infundibulum
  • pars intermedia-> adjacent to pars nervosa, essentially lacking in adult humans
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7
Q

Supraoptic nuclei of hypothalamus

A

makes ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

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8
Q

Paraventricular nuclei of hypothalamus

A

makes oxytocin

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9
Q

Posterior pituitary regions

A
  • mostly pars nervosa

- also infundibulum

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10
Q

Chromophobes

A

spent chromaphils

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11
Q

chromaphils

A

acidophils and basophils

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12
Q

acidophils

A

makes GH (growth hormone) and prolactin

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13
Q

Basophils

A

make ACTH (adenocorticotropin hormone), TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone), gonadotropins: FSH and LH, and maybe some melanocyte stimulating hormone

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14
Q

Herring bodies

A

part of posterior pituitary which stores ADH and ocytocin

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15
Q

pituicytes

A

glial cells in pars nervosa

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16
Q

thyroid

A
  • controlled by TSH
  • makes T3 and T4, which raise basal metabolic rate
  • also makes cacitonin in parafollicular cells
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17
Q

calcitonin

A
  • secreted by parafollicular cells in response to high blood Ca++
  • increases bone deposition
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18
Q

Chief cells

A

make parathyroid hormone in response to low blood calcium

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19
Q

parafollicular cell location

A

thyroid

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20
Q

Adrenal cortex layers

A 
zona golmerulosa (outermost)
zona fasiculata
zona reticularis (innermost)
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21
Q

zona glomerulosa

A

secretes aldosterone and other mineralcorticoids to regulate electrolyte levels

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22
Q

zona fasiculata

A

secretes cortisol and other glucocorticoids in response to ACTH. Cortisol affects carbohydrate metabolism

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23
Q

ACTH

A

=adrenocorticotropic hormone

-formed from proteolysis of POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin)

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24
Q

zona reticularis

A

secretes weak male sex hormone

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25
Addison's disease
cortical atrophy of adrenal glands | JFK had it
26
Adrenal medulla
-derived from neural crest cells | have chromaffin cells that secrete norepinephrine and epinephrine (fight or flight)
27
PTH
=parathyroid hormone - makes osteoblasts increase RANKL and reduce osteoprotegerin (OPG) - allows RANKL to bind RANK-->increase osteoclast activity and raise blood calcium levels
28
OPG
=osteoprotegerin | -normally binds to RANKL, thereby inhibiting RANK from binding it
29
RANK
- needs to bind to RANKL to become activated | - w/o it, osteoclasts do not fully differentiate
30
Osteoporosis
- occurs when osteoclastic osteolysis overwhelms osteoblastic osteogenesis - particularly in postmenopausal women
31
Pineal body
- secretes melatonin - regulates circadian rhythm - with age fills with corpora arenacea
32
corpora arenacea
- "brain sand" | - builds up in pineal body with age
33
Islet B cells
secrete insulin
34
Islet A cells
- found in periphery of islet of langerhans | - secrete glucagon
35
diabetes insipidus
- from destruction of posterior pituitary | - causes low ADH production and dilute urine output
36
diabetes mellitus
-"sweet flowthrough"
37
type I diabetes mellitus
- insulin dependent diabetes - decrease in insulin production by B cells - typically autoimmune - treated with insulin shots
38
Type II diabetes mellitus
- non-insulin dependent - deficiency in insulin receptors or downstream signaling- - results in cell not taking glucose up properly
39
Urinary system functions
1. excretion (soluble waste removal) 2. homeostasis (salt, water, bp balance) 3. endocrine (Epo, vitamin D metabolism)
40
renal corpuscle
=Bowman's capsule + urinary space + glomerulus
41
Bowman's capsule
- simple squamous epithelium | - contiguous with podocytes resting on glomerular capillary
42
mesangial cells
phagocytic; clean up basal lamina to keep glomerular filtration functional
43
vascular pole
afferent + efferent arteries + JG apparatus
44
Urinary pole
where urinary space empties into proximal tubule
45
uriniferous tubule
- each kidney has 1-4 million | - each UT consists of a nephron and collecting tubules/ducts
46
Nephron
bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of Henle, and distal tubule
47
excretion
3 processes involved: 1) filtration 2) reabsorption (removing molecule from pre-urine) 3) secretion (adding new stuff to pre-urine)
48
filtration
- occurs in corpuscle - blood plasma filtered into urinary space to make pre-urine (ultrafiltrate) thru basal lamina and filtration slits. - ~180 L ultrafiltrate/day is made - only 1.8 L of urine formed
49
Proximal tubule
- filtered pre-urine goes here - cells are acidophilic and have many mitochondria to make ATP for active pumping. - have brush border to increase SA - most glucose and salt resorption occur here
50
standing concentration gradient in ECM
outer cortex less salty and inner medulla
51
countercurrent multiplier system
-combo of countercurrent flow and different properties of descending vs. ascending loop of Henle establishing a standing gradient of salt concentration in ECM
52
Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)
- used to raise BP 1) macula densa cells in distal tubule sense drop in [Na+] when bp drops 2) JG cells triggered to secrete renin 3) renin cleaves angiotensinogen to angiotensin I 4) in lung capillaries, ACE converts AI to angiotensin II 5) aldosterone secretion triggered
53
aldosterone
- secreted by adrenal cortex - causes distal tubules to resorb more Na+ - raises thirst
54
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
- secreted by cells in cardiac atria - causes Na+ to be urinated out in higher amounts than normal - thus inhibit effects of JG/ACE system to lower BP
55
transitional epithelium
=urothelium - stratified epithelium - apical shape can change when lumen is full
56
seminiferous tubule
- located in testes - location of spermatogenesis - early stages of sperm found basally, older sperm more apical
57
sertoli cells
- somatic cells in seminiferous tubule - nourish developing sperm - produce androgen binding protein to raise testosterone levels
58
Leydig cells
- another type of cell between tubules | - respond to LH from anterior pituitary to make testosterone
59
spermatagonia
cell performing mitosis
60
primary spermatocyte
committed to meiosis, but hasn't completed first division yet
61
secondary spermatocyte
result of first meiotic division
62
spermatid
result of second meiotic division
63
spermatazoa
mature sperm after spermiogenesis
64
major events of spermiogenesis
1) formation of tail 2) formation of acrosome 3) nuclear condensation 4) cytoplasmic sloughing
65
acrosome
-golgi derived sac of enzymes needed for fertilization
66
epididymis
pseudostratified to stratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia
67
stereocilia
- actually long microvilli, not cilia | - have microtubules not microfilaments
68
vas deferens
- pseudostratified to stratified columnar epithelium with stereocilia - lots of smooth muscle - cut during vasectomy
69
seminal vesicle
- produces seminal fluid | - lots of infoldings
70
prostate
- lots of infoldings | - prostatic concretions
71
erectile bodies
- 3 in the penis: - 2 corpora cavernosa dorsally - 1 corpus spongiosum around urethra
72
cGMP in male reproductive tract
- lowers Ca++ levels in muscle to relax | - allow blood to flow into erectile bodies
73
PDE
=Phosphodiesterase | -chews up cGMP, stops erection
74
LH
=luteinizing hormone | -directly responsible for ovulation
75
corpus luteum
=leftover follicle - make progesterone - keeps endometrium in tact and inhibits gonadotropin production - degenerates after ~12 days if no pregnancy
76
estorgen
- initially has negative feedback on anterior pituitary to lower gonadotropin - at end of phase, estrogen reaches a threshold level in blood to start positive feedback on anterior pituitary - this leads to midcycle surge in LH--> ovulation
77
fertilization
- occurs in oviduct - embryo moved toward uterus with oviduct cilia - implants in endometrium - forms chorion
78
chorion
- embryonic contribution to placeta | - secretes HCG, which maintains corpus luteum--> progesterone levels stay high
79
cochlea
3 chambers: - scala vestibuli - scala media (cochlear duct) - scala tympani
80
perilymph
fills scala vestibuli and scala tympani
81
endolymph
fills scala media (cochlear duct)
82
organ of Corti
- found in cochlear duct - has hair cells (stereocilia) under tectorial membrane - hair cells rub against tectorial membrane when vibrations spread through cochlear duct - rubbing depolarizes hair cell and sends AP to cochlear nerve
83
oval window
- high frequency sound detected close to oval window | - low freq detected further away
84
eye
1) outer sclera + cornea 2) middle choroid + misc 3) inner retina; cornea
85
cornea
dense regular CT | helps lens focus light on retina
86
myopia
- nearsightedness | - lens too strong and/or eye too long on optic axis
87
hyperopia
- farsightedness | - lens too weak and/or eye too short
88
presbyopia
- "old eye" - lens loses flexibility - or ciliary muscles weaken - can't accommodate
89
accommodation
the ability to focus on close up objects
90
retina
- numerous layers of neurons and glial cells | - innermost part contains photoreceptors: rods and cones
91
rods
- used for gray shade discrimination at low light levels | - more numerous than cones
92
cones
-used for color vision under higher light levels -less numerous than rods -
93
rhodopsin
photosensitive pigment used by rods and cones
94
cis rhodopsin
- in dark - inactive opsin - cGMP levels high - Na+ channels open--> membrane depolarized, Ca++ channels open - inhibitory NT secreted to stop neural impulse from being sent by optic nerve to brain
95
trans rhodopsin
- in light - active opsin - activates transducin - tranducin increases PDE to decrease cGMP - Na+ channels close - cell hyperpolarized - no more inhibitory NT - AP sent to brain to be perceived as light

Biology (3 decks)

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