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Definition of Social Economic Status

Answer 1

A complex mix of social and economic circumstances of an individual or a group of individuals. Measures of SES often include indices of social class, income, occupation, employment status, area of residence, housing quality, household composition and social integration

Answer 2

Statistics consistently show that social groups with generally lower SES experience poor health and lower life expectancy than those with higher SES

Answer 3

- Cancer - Cardiovascular Disease - Respiratory Disease - obesity - Diabetes - transport accident - intentional self-harm

Answer 4

NZ standard classification of Occupation (NZSCO) NZ Socio-economic index (NZSEI) Register General scale- 1999 Managers get paid more

Answer 5

Income (poverty)- e.g. Individual income, household income, poverty line, etc... - Individual income doesn't assess social factors e.g. Family members who are sick/disabled or dependants (children) Deprivation- e.g. NZDep Living standards- e.g. ELSI (economic living standards index)

Answer 6

``` Income x2 Communication access- internet access Employment Transport access Qualifications Living Space- how many rooms & people Home ownership Support- single or double parent household ```

Answer 7

Intrauterine development - low birth weight= influenced by socio-economic position - babies born into a low socio-economic status they are more likely to have low birth weight - poor maternal nutrition results in extreme low and high birth weights Physical environment Environmental stress Opportunity structures

Answer 8

Damp housing= more health problems; Poverty= damp housing; therefore lack of material resources is the cause

Answer 9

Stress= more health problems; less control over work conditions= stress; lower SES= less control over work conditions; therefore lack of structural resources is the cause

Answer 10

Sedentary behaviour= health problems; less availability of safe recreational areas/facilities in lower SES areas= more sedentary ; therefore structural resources is the cause

Answer 11

"Welfare level below a reasonable minimum" A condition characterised by severe deprivation of basic human needs, including food, safe drinking water, sanitation facilities, health, shelter, education and information. It depends not only on income but also on access to services

Answer 12

Looks solely at income - less than US$1.25/day= EXTREME POVERTY - less than US$2/day= MODERATE POVERTY

Answer 13

Based on the cost of basic food and non-food items | - income less than 3x the cost of US department of agriculture's "economy food plan"

Answer 14

Consumption less than level that meets the food energy requirement

Answer 15

Absolute poverty is an extreme lack of material and/or structural resources, so fundamentally limits the ability to live a healthy live Culture & behaviour, social selection and history are also important in understanding the causes and effects of absolute poverty on health.

Answer 16

Individuals, families, and groups in the population can be said to be in relative poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the type of diet, participation in activities and have the living conditions and amenities which are customary, or at least widely encouraged, or approved, in the societies to which they belong. They are, in effect, excluded from ordinary living patterns, customs and activities

Answer 17

Looks at income relative to the population - e.g. OECD criteria - less than 50% of the median household income

Answer 18

Looks at things that people don't have relative to the population - e.g. NZDep

Answer 19

Looks at things people have relative to the population | - e.g. ELSI= economic living standards index

Answer 20

Economic inequality weakens community and societies as a whole - they tend to have greater levels of absolute poverty - provide fewer social safety nets - have weaker social cohesion - larger differences in living standards can cause stress and anxiety can damage people's health

Answer 21

What matters in determining mortality and health in society is less the overall wealth of the society and more how evenly wealth is distributed. The more equally wealth is distributed the better the health of that society.

Answer 22

Social support is measured by the amount and frequency of contact with social network members and in terms of the perceived quality and stability of supportive relationships.

Answer 23

Individuals, families, and groups in the population can be said to be in relative poverty when they lack the resources to obtain the type of diet, participation in activities and have the living conditions and amenities which are customary, or at least widely encouraged, or approved, in the societies to which they belong. They are, in effect, excluded from ordinary living patterns, customs and activities

Answer 24

Relational content - satisfaction with quality of support, trust, reciprocity, etc. Social network composition - social network density, homogeneity, gender, etc. Social integration -whether the person has social relationships; how often they meet; marital status; membership of church, etc.

Answer 25

Mutual support, cooperation, trust, etc...

Answer 26

Sectarianism, ethnocentrism, corruption, etc.

Answer 27

Social support/capital can be a very powerful variable in times of crisis or stressful life events. Many studies have shown a strong relationship between the amount of social support/capital available and health outcomes

Answer 28

Lower SES groups behave in ways more likely to damage their health and higher SES groups behave in ways that are less likely to damage their health - e.g. Smoking, drinking, bad diet, sedentary, etc.

Answer 29

``` Traditionally this explanation has suggested that health is a cause of social class rather than a consequence - healthier individuals are 'selected' into higher classes based on their genetic superiority ```

Answer 30

Healthier individuals are selected into higher classes based on their ability to thrive in society-not genetic advantage but society is structured so that healthy people are advantage - e.g. Discrimination based on health status

Answer 31

Intragenerational= individual moving up or down in SES during their life - develop chronic illness then unable to keep working ``` Intergenerational= individual moving up or down SES relative to their class of origin - born with impairment so unable to thrive as much as their parents/siblings ```

Answer 32

Direct= selection based on actual health status - not hiring someone with a hearing impairment Indirect= selection based on a potential health marker - not hiring smokers because they may have/develop health problems

Answer 33

Groups that have experiences significant and/or traumatic events are often those in lower SES groups OR are more likely to end up in lower SES groups as a result of the event - Loss of land for the Maori leads to structural/material loss as well as change in culture and behaviour

Answer 34

We can try to reduce health inequities relating to obesity by improving: - material resources - physical structural resources - non-physical structural resources

Answer 35

Issue: limited $ = limited choices Solution: some countries have sales tax exemptions to reduce inequalities and improve health - UK: most food VAT exempt - Australia: GST exemptions for some medical aids and services, as well as 'basic foods' and cars for disabled - NZ government says no as there is limited evidence

Answer 36

Issue: people have very poor understanding of the number of calories in different foods Solutions: NYC implemented a law in 2007 forcing chain restaurants (15+ outlets) to post the calorie count of each food in the same size and font as the price

Answer 37

Issue: limited $ = limited choices + cheap unhealthy foods Solution: some countries have taxes on unhealthy foods - fast foods taxes --at least 13 states in the U.S. imposed a sales tax on 'prepared food' - sugar and soft drink tax - -more than 20 states in the U.S. have a tax on soft drinks - -France has recently introduced a tax on soft drinks - -Denmark introduced a tax on sugar and fat, and then removed it

Answer 38

Issues: people in poorer areas have fewer safer places to engage in physical activity Solution: the lets beat diabetes programme in Counties Manukau worked with a number of stakeholders to turn some unsafe and unused open space into safe parks for families

Answer 39

``` Housing NZ corporation CMDHB Let's Beat Diabetes Manukau City Council Parks Department Manurewa Community Board Habitat for Humanity Clendon Community Action Group ```

Answer 40

Issue: Schools has historically offered a lot of unhealthy food options and few healthy options Solution: National policies controlling the foods that schools can offer students - e.g. Mission-on --food and beverage classification system --resources for schools and students --regulation around food offered (only healthy foods)

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