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Soph - Semester 1 > Test #5 - Temperature > Flashcards

Test #5 - Temperature Flashcards

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1
Q

What are some basics about temperature needs?

A
  • Temp regulation is necessary to survival
  • Differences between newborn, child and adult
  • Everyone has a neutral thermal environment (NTE)
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2
Q

What are the different types of immunity?

A

-Natural Passive

Antibodies pass from mother to fetus via placenta or to infant in mothers milk

-Natural Active

Antigens enter the body naturally; body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

-Acquired Passive

Preformed antibodies in immune serum introduced into the body by injection

-Acquired Active

Antigens are introduced in vaccines; body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

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3
Q

What happens to the respiratory system during infection?

A

Tachypnea
Retractions, nasal flaring

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4
Q

What happens to the cardiac system during infections?

A

Decreased cardiac output
Tachycardia
Hypotensive
Decreased profusion

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5
Q

What happens to CNS during infection?

A

Decreased activity and tone irritability
Lethargy
Temperature instability

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6
Q

What happens to the integumentary system during infection?

A

Jaundice
Pallor
Petechiae
Mottling

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7
Q

What happens to the GI system during infections?

A

Abdominal distention
Nausea
Vomiting

Diarrhea

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8
Q

What are some assessments of EARLY onset of infection?

A

Manifests in 24-48 hours
Progresses RAPIDLY
Mortality as high as 15%

Microorganisms of the normal flora of vaginal tract

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9
Q

What happens during the LATE onset of infections?

A

Commonly seen after two weeks of age
Slower progression
Bacterial transmission is varied
May be viral
Fungal

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10
Q

What does TORCH stand for pertaining to infections?

A
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Other – HPV, HBV, HIV, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, Varicella
  • Rubella
  • Cytomegalovirus – CMV
  • Herpes Simplex – HSV
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11
Q

What are some interventions to prevent sepsis?

A

HANDWASHING
Fingernails – Short, clean, no polish, no artificial
Standard Precautions
Infectious personnel should not work in newborn nursery
Prophylactic antibiotic administration
Clean stethoscope between infants
Keep infants clean
Monitor
TEACH

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12
Q

What do we need to know about communicable diseases in children?

A

Symptoms
How transmitted

Proper isolation precautions

Incubation
Period of communicability
Treatment
Prevention

Immunizations

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13
Q

Nursing Responsibility in administering vaccines chart

A
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14
Q

Barriers to Immunization Chart

A
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15
Q

Common misconceptions about administration and safety of vaccines chart

A
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16
Q

Special Considerations related to immunizations chart

A
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17
Q

Immunization schedule chart

A
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18
Q

What is diphtheria?

A
  • Acute BACTERIAL Disease
  • Affects tonsils, throat, nose and/or skin
  • If untreated can cause serious complications and/or death
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19
Q

What are some assessments for diphtheria?

A

Low grade fever
Anorexia
Rhinorrhea with foul odor
Cough
Hoarseness

Nasal manifestations initially resemble the common cold, then gradually begin to include discharge of foul-smelling muco-purulent material

HALLMARK SIGN: Thin, gray membrane on the tonsils and pharynx, causing bull neck, or neck edema

Respiratory compromise due to a narrowing of the upper airway

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20
Q

How is Diphtheria transmitted?

A

Direct contact, droplet

CDC PRECAUTIONS: Airborne

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21
Q

What is the incubation for diphtheria?

A

2-5 days

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22
Q

How long is the communicability of diphtheria?

A

2-4 weeks
OR: until negative cultures have been obtained

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23
Q

What is the treatment for diphtheria?

A

Antitoxin
Antibiotic
Bed Rest
Tracheostomy if airway issue

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24
Q

When do children get the diphtheria vaccine?

A

Vaccinations under 7

2 Months
4 Months
6 months
15-18 months
4-6 years

Vaccinations over 7

11-12 years

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25
What is tetanus?
- Affects the nervous system - Does not affect mental status - High mortality
26
What are some assessments for tetanus?
Headache Stiffness of the neck and jaw Painful facial spasms Difficulty chewing and swallowing Laryngospasm Severe Pain Respiratory arrest
27
How is tetanus transmitted?
Tetanus bacillus (anaerobic) from soil Intestines of human or animal No direct person to person transmission
28
What is the incubation period for tetanus?
Average 8 days Can be 3-21 days Recovery takes 1-2 months
29
What is the treatment for tetanus?
ICU Tetanus IG Large doses for 7-14 days Metronidazole Large does for 7-14 days Sedatives Muscle relaxers
30
What are the ages for tetanus vaccines?
Vaccinations under 7 2 Months 4 Months 6 months 15-18 months 4-6 years Vaccinations over 7 11-12 years
31
What is pertussis?
- Also known as whooping cough - Highly contagious bacterial Infection
32
What are the assessments for Pertussis?
Distinctive “whoop” cough Often occurs at night Thick mucous that may form a plug and dislodge when coughing Episodes may end in vomiting
33
How is pertussis transmitted?
Direct contact; droplet CDC – AIRBORNE
34
What is the incubation period for pertussis?
6-20 Days
35
What is the communicability of pertussis?
1-2 weeks and until the 4th week MOST contagious before the paroxysmal cough stage Not contagious if treated with mycin antibiotics (erythro, clarithro and azithro)
36
What is the treatment for pertussis?
Macrolide (Mycin) antibiotics and corticosteroids Cortico: Used to open airways
37
What ages are the pertussis vaccines given?
Vaccinations under 7 2 Months 4 Months 6 months 15-18 months 4-6 years Vaccinations over 7 11-12 years
38
What is poliomyelitis?
- Also known as Polio - Infectious viral disease - Invades nervous system
39
What are the assessments for poliomyelitis?
Fever Headache Vomiting Sore Throat Progressive Weakness (THIS IS HOW YOU ARE GOING TO KNOW IT’S POLIO)
40
How is poliomyelitis transmitted?
Direct Contact (Fecal-oral, oral-oral respiratory)
41
What is the incubation period of polio?
Average of 7-10 days May range from 5-35 days
42
What is the communicabiility of polio?
Greatest shortly before and with onset of clinical symptoms when the virus is in the throat Excreted in the feces for several weeks
43
What is the treatment of polio?
Complete bed rest Resp ventilation possible Physical therapy
44
What age is the polio vaccines given?
Vaccination 2 months 4 months 6-18 months 4-6 years
45
What are other preventions besides vaccines for polio?
Isolation of infected individual Treatment and monitoring of household members Will be quarantined at home or hospital depending on severity
46
What is Infectious Parotitis (Mumps)?
- Also known as mumps - Acute viral disease
47
What are some assessments for Mumps?
Fever Malaise and Anorexia Followed by ear ache that is aggravated by chewing Swelling of one or more parotid glands
48
What are some interventions for mumps?
Examine ears and throat Perform neurologic assessment Intermittent application of ice packs Teach meticulous hand hygiene to child
49
How is mumps transmitted?
Airborne/Droplet Direct contact with saliva of an infected person Possibly urine
50
What is the incubation period for mumps?
16-25 days
51
What is the communicability time for mumps?
7 days before parotid swelling until 9 days after swelling subsides
52
What are the treatments for mumps?
Symptomatic care Respiratory isolation from onset Analgesics Antipyretics IVF’s Bed rest until swelling subsides Soft bland food that isn’t difficult to chew Supportive therapy based on Signs and Symptoms
53
What are the ages for vaccines of mumps?
12-15 months 4-6 years
54
What is another prevention if someone has been exposed to mumps?
Quarantine those who may have been exposed if necessary WHOLE HOUSE QUARANTINED
55
What is Rubeola (measles)?
- Also known as measles - Acute highly communicable viral disease - More severe in infants and adults than in children - Many complications can occur
56
What are some assessments for measles?
Prodromal (Lasts 1-4 days) Fever Coriz (Runny nose) Cough Conjunctivitis Koplick Spots (Appears 2 days before rash) Small, blue-white spots with a red base that cluster near the molars on the buccal mucosa Rash 2-4 days after onset of prodromal state Red and blotchy Begins around face Spreads downward Becomes darker red Lightens up 3-4 days after appearance Assumes a brownish appearance
57
How are measles transmitted?
Direct contact with droplets of infected person Airborne (Less frequent)
58
What is the Incubation period for measles?
8-12 days
59
What is the communicability time for measles?
3-5 days prior to rash 4 days after rash appearance
60
What is the treatment for measles?
Respiratory/droplet isolation through 4th day of rash No real treatment Vitamin A replacement Bed Rest Antipyretics Analgesics Tepid Baths
61
What are the ages for vaccines of measles?
12-15 months 4-6 years
62
What are preventions for measles?
Vaccination Eduation Vaccinations for those in contact with Patient
63
What is Rubella?
- Also Known as German Measles - Mild febrile viral disease - Encephalitis may develop
64
What are some assessments for Rubella?
Prodromal symptoms Absent in children Present with adolescents and adults Lymphadenopathy Precedes rash by 3-5 days May develop leukopenia and thrombocytopenia
65
How is Rubella Transmitted?
Airborne Direct Contact
66
What is the incubation for Rubella?
14-21 Days
67
What is the communicability time for Rubella?
7 days before onset of rash 14 days after onset of rash Highly communicable
68
What is the treaments for Rubella?
Analgesics Antipyretics Bed Rest
69
At what age are kids vaccinated for Rubella?
12-15 months 4-6 years
70
What are some preventions for Rubella?
Vaccination 12-15 months 4-6 years Education Pregnant women are at risk Keep infected children from school and or work for 7 days after onset of rash
71
What is Roseola?
- Acute Febrile rash illness with a viral origin - Affects children under 4, most common in \<2 years old - Caused by Human herpes virus 6 (HHV-6)
72
What are the assessments for Roseola?
Sudden fever as high as 105 for 3-8 days Rash initially on trunk, then spreads, will fade rapidly
73
How is Roseola transmitted?
Direct contact of saliva of effected person
74
What is the incubation for Roseola?
9-10 days estimated
75
What is the communicability time for Roseola?
Unknown – Thought to be from the febrile stage to when rash first appears
76
What is the treatment for Roseola?
Antipyretics Hydration
77
What is the prevention for Roseola?
No vaccine available Mild disease that gives sustained immunity after infection
78
Rubeola Rubella and Roseola mnemonic
79
What is Haemophilus Influenza B?
- Another name is Hib - Bacterial illness - Can cause encephalitis - Most commonly causes Meningitis - Symptoms of Hib infection will be specific to the area of the body
80
What are the assessments for Haemophilus influenza b?
-ASSESSMENTS (MENINGITIS – As dx with lumbar puncture for CSF culture) Fever Weakness Vomiting Stiff neck May develop seizures and anemia Monitor for Kernig sign and/or Brudzinski sign
81
How is HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA B transmitted?
Direct Contact Droplet
82
What is the incubation period for HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA B?
Unknown, probably less than a week
83
What is the communicability of HAEMOPHILUS INFLUENZA B?
Varies on type of infection If untreated, remains communicable as long as bacteria is in the nose/throat
84
What is the treatement for haemophilus influenza b?
Antibiotics Rifampin (Prophylactic antibiotic) given to those exposed
85
What age are kids vaccinated for haemophilus Influenza B?
2 months 4 months 6 months (In 3 shot series) 12-15 months (Booster dose)
86
What is hepatitis A?
-Acute viral illness Highly Contagious
87
What are some assessments of Hepatitis A?
May be asymptomatic Mildly ill
88
What is the transmission for hepatitis A?
Fecal-oral transmission of matter contaminated
89
What is the incubation period for hepatitis A?
Average 15-50 days
90
What is the communicability time for hepatitis A?
1-2 weeks before and 1 week after symptoms
91
What is the treatment for Hepatitis A?
Symptoms Keep Hydrated
92
What are the ages for vaccinations of Hepatitis A?
2 doses: 12 months – 3 years Separate the 2 doses by 6-18months Ex: 1st vaccine given at 12 months, the 2nd dose cannot be given prior to 18 months and no later than 30 months
93
What is some preventions of hepatitis A?
Vaccinations Hand Washing IG Administration
94
What is hepatitis B?
Acute Viral Illness
95
What are some assessments for Hepatitis B?
Most children are asymptomatic Fever Rash Malaise Liver failure Death
96
How is Hepatitis B transmitted?
Infected blood, blood products and body fluids Percutanously Mucosal
97
What is the incubation time for hepatits B?
45-180 days (Average 90 days)
98
What is the communicability time for hepatitis B?
Will remain communicable through acute course of the disease
99
What is the treatment for Hep B?
Of symptoms Keep Hydrated
100
What ages are kids vaccinated for Hep B?
Birth 1-2 months 6-18 months
101
What are some preventions for Hep B?
Vaccinations Avoid High risk activities
102
What is Varicella?
- Also known as “chicken pox” - Highly contagious viral disease
103
What are some assessments for Varicella?
Acute onset Mild fever Malaise Anorexia Irritability Macular rash for few hours Rash progresses to pruritic vesicular lesions for 1-5 days
104
How is Varicella transmitted?
Direct Contact Airborne Droplet
105
What is the incubation time for varicella?
10-21 days
106
What is the communicability time for varicella?
1-2 days before rash (prodromal) to First crop of vesicles when crusts have formed (usually 5-7 days)
107
What is the treatment for varicella?
Antiviral agent VZIG Comfort Secondary Infection treatment
108
At what ages are kids vaccinated for varicella?
12-15 months 4-6 years
109
What is scarlet Fever?
-Acute infection with group A strep
110
What are some assessments for scarlet fever?
Sore throat Temp Rash within 12-36 hours
111
How is scarlet fever transmitted?
Direct Contact with infected person Airborne (inhalation or ingestion)
112
What is the ijncubation period for scarlet fever?
1-7 days (Average of 3 days)
113
What is the communicability time for scarlet fever?
Acute stage until 24 hours after antimicrobial therapy has begun
114
What is the treatment for scarlet fever?
PCN or erythromycin Bed rest Isolation until 24 hours after initiation of antibiotics
115
What is Acute otitis media?
- Inflammation of the middle ear - Caused by dysfunctional Eustachian tube - Most common childhood bacterial infection 6 month – 2 years
116
What are some complications associated with acute otitis media?
Chronic OM Hearing loss Meningitis Eardrum perforation Scarring
117
What are some assessments for acute otitis media?
Fussy Low Grade Fever Pulling on ear
118
What are some treatments for acute otitis media?
Antibiotics Surgery
119
What are some preventions for acute otitis media?
No smoking around child No propping of bottle Encourage protection
120
What is tonsillitis?
- Infection or inflammation of the tonsils - May be caused by a virus or bacterium - Peaks between ages 4-7 years - Dx with throat culture, visualization of inflamed pharynx and CBC
121
What are some assessments for tonsillitis?
Sudden sore throat Painful/difficulty swallowing Mouth breathing Mouth odor Chills Fever
122
What are some treatments for tonsillitis?
Maintain airway Comfort measures Antibiotics Possible surgery
123
What is encephalitis?
- Inflammation of the brain tissue - Post viral illness - Tick or mosquito bite - Can be very serious - Most fully recover - Dx with spinal tap, CT, and/or MRI
124
What are assessments for encephalitis?
Depends on the causative organism and location of infection in the brain
125
What are some treatments for encephalitis?
Monitor closely Focus on controlling ICP Provide seizure precautions
126
What is conjunctivitis?
- Pink eye - Inflammation of the conjunctiva - Can be viral and bacterial
127
What are some assessments for conjunctivitis?
Conjunctiva is pink and/or red Depends on the type Bacterial discharge is green or yellow in color Viral discharge is watery Viral may be accompanied by cold and/or flu like symptoms
128
What are some treatments for conjunctivitis?
Antibiotics Warm compresses cleaning unaffected eye first
129
What are some preventions for conjunctivitis?
Strict hand washing Wash contaminated laundry separate
130
What is Reye's Syndrome?
- Toxic Encephalopathy - Associated with ASA therapy for treatment of fever in children with viral illness
131
Otitis Media Mnemonic
132
Reye's Syndrome Clinical Staging System Chart
133
What are some assessments for Reye's syndrome?
Fever Profoundly impaired consciousness Disordered hepatic function Follows viral Illness
134
What is the treatment for Reye's syndrome?
Initial care in ICU through acute stages Early diagnosis and treatment are key to recovery
135
What is the prevention for Reye's syndrome?
Education on early diagnosis Education on NO ASA to child under 6 years old unless directed by PCP
136
What is rocky mountain spotted fever?
- Bacterial infection transmitted by ticks - Most common in southeastern states May lead to death if untreated
137
What is the incubation for rocky mountain spotted fever?
2-14 days (Average 7 days)
138
What are some assessments for Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?
Appear 1-14 days after tick bite Onset gradual or rapid with vague signs Sudden high fever of 104 degrees Children may become very ill very quickly Signifigant Malaise Abdominal pain N/V Lasts for 2-3 weeks
139
What are some complications associated with rocky mountain spotted fever?
Pneumonia Resp/Cardiac failure Meningitis Brain damage Clotting problems Kidney failure Shock
140
What is the treatment for rocky mountain spotted fever?
Doxycycline or tetracycline is common practice
141
What is the prevention of rocky mountain spotted fever?
Avoid areas heavily tick infested If tick found, remove promptly and correctly Education
142
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Mnemonic
143
What is Lyme Disease?
Tick borne disease
144
What is the incubation period for Lyme disease?
3-32 ddays
145
What are the assessments for lyme disease?
Chills Fever HA Fatigue Stiff neck Muscle or joint pain Swollen lymph nodes
146
What are some complications related to lyme disease?
Left untreated can lead to neurological defects Arm & leg weakness Bell’s palsy Meningitis Severe Headache
147
What are the treatments for lyme disease?
10-21 days oral treatment Under 8 Amoxicillin PCN Over 8 Doxycycline Amoxicillin Cefuroxime
148
What are some preventions for lyme disease?
Avoid areas heavily tick infested If tick found, remove promptly and correctly Anticipatory guidance Education
149
Lyme disease mnemonic
150
Prevention measures to avoid insect/tick bites chart
151
What is Mononucleosis?
Mono Acute viral infection often with EBV
152
What are the assessments for Mono?
Swollen Lymph Nodes Fever Sore Throat Headache Lethargy Fatigue
153
What is the incubation period for Mono?
4-6 weeks after exposed to virus
154
How is mono transmitted?
Contact
155
What is the treatment for mono?
Rest Fluids
156
What is Erythema Infectiosum?
- Called Fifth’s Disease - Acute human parvovirus type b infection
157
What are the assesments for erythema infectiosum?
3 stages Stage 1: Flu like symptoms Stage 2: A “slapped face” appearance of rash Stage 3: Lasts 1-3 weeks as the rash fades
158
What is the incubation period for Erythema infectiosum?
4-14 days but can be 21 days
159
What is the communicability for erythema infectiosum/
Shedding of virus occurs between 5 and 12 days Usually from the prodromal period until the rash appears
160
How is erythema infectiosum transmitted?
Airborne Droplet Respiratory secretions and blood Mother to fetus
161
What is the treatment for erythema infectiosum?
None May need comfort measures for joint pain
162
What are some preventions for erythema infectiosum?
Avoid contact with infected person Exposed pregnant woman should promptly seek care
163
What is laryngotracheobronchitis?
-Croup Term is applied to several viral and bacterial syndromes Most often refers to LTB -Viral invasion of the upper airway, Extends to larynx, trachea and bronchi - Most common in children 3 months-3 years - Peaks age 2-3 years - Potential of airway obstruction
164
What are the assessments for Croup?
Ill Upper respiratory symptoms Cough – Seal like Hoarseness May or may not have fever
165
Comparison of types of croup chart
166
What is the treatment for Croup?
Depends on severity Humidity May require intubation and ICU Most respond positively to medication and O2 therapy Discharged within 48-72 hours
167
What is RSV?
- RSV - Most common cause of bronchiolitis - Nearly all children have been infected with RSV by age 2 - Annual epidemics from October to March
168
What is the assessmens to RSV?
Upper respiratory symptoms – Tachypnea Tachycardia Wheezing, Crackles or rhonchi Intercostal/subcostal retractions With or without nasal flaring Cyanosis Increase in severity at night Chest and rib soreness
169
How is RSV transmitted?
Direct contact with respiratory secretions Indirectly through contaminated surfaces
170
What is the treatment for croup?
Humidified O2 Symptoms Antipyretics Bronchodilators Antibiotics if bacteria present
171
What is the prevention for RSV?
Education Prophylaxis available for high risk Synagis Children have increased incidence of reactive airway disease and asthma later in childhood

Soph - Semester 1 (12 decks)

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