TEST Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
Neutral Mutation
A
- A mutation that does not result in any selective advantage or disadvantage
- occurs in non-coding DNA
2
Q
Examples of Neutral Mutations
A
- eye colour mutations
- any mutation in the non-coding DNA
3
Q
Harmful Mutation
A
- a mutation that reduces the reproductive success of an individual and is therefore selected against
- usually disappear over time
4
Q
Examples of Harmful Mutations
A
-any mutation that results in a genetic disorder (Cystic Fibrosis, Huntington’s Disease)
5
Q
Beneficial Mutations
A
- mutations that increase the reproductive success of an individual and is therefore favoured by natural selection
- become more common over time
6
Q
Examples of Beneficial Mutations
A
- heterozygous advantage for sickle-cell anemia
- antibiotic resistant bacteria (beneficial to them, not us)
7
Q
Artificial Selection
A
-directed breeding in which the parent of the next generation are chosen based on characteristics that they exhibit
8
Q
Examples of Artificial Selection
A
- domestication of dogs from wolves
- domesticated fruits and vegetables
9
Q
Buffon
A
- applied scientific methods to the detailed study of anatomy
- examined animal body structures and functions
- believed species had been created in a more perfect form but had changed over time
10
Q
Linnaeus & Erasmus
A
- proposed that life changed over time
- Erasmus suggested that all life might have evolved from a single species
11
Q
Lamarck
A
-Proposed that evolutionary change resulted from two principles
-Use and Disuse: structures that individual used became larger
and stronger, while structures that were not used became smaller
and weaker
-The Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics: individuals could
pass on to their offspring characteristics they had acquired
during their lives
-All species evolve over time.
-A species evolves in response to its environment and becomes better adapted to that environment.
-Changes are passed on from generation to generation.
12
Q
Immutable
A
-unable to change
13
Q
Fossil
A
-any ancient remains, impressions, or traces of an organism that have been preserved in rocks or other mineral deposits in Earth’s crust
14
Q
Fossil Formation
A
- formed when the remains of buried organisms are gradually replaced by mineral deposits
1) after an organism dies the body usually quickly decomposes
2) sinks to bottom of a body of water and is quickly buried by sediment
3) resulting lack of oxygen can prevent decomposition
4) sediments accumulate over time and the body becomes compressed and very gradually chemical changes occur that result in the body being mineralized
15
Q
Cuvier
A
- Palaeontologist who conducted the first detailed studies of fossils
- His observations offered support for the theory that life had evolved from simple to more complex forms over time
- Believed that species themselves did not change
- Proposed theory of catastrophism
16
Q
Lyell
A
- Proposed that Earth’s geologic features can be explained by very slow changes occurring over very long periods of time
- Theory of Uniformitarianism by studying rocks and fossils
- Father of modern geology (Principles of Geology)
17
Q
Paleontology
A
-the scientific investigation of prehistoric life through the study of fossils
18
Q
Catastrophism
A
-the theory that the pattern of fossils can be accounted for by a series of global catastrophes that wiped out most species on Earth
19
Q
Uniformitarianism
A
-the theory that geological changes are slow and gradual and that natural laws and processes have not changed over time
20
Q
Evidence for Evolution (7)
A
- Darwin’s Findings on his Voyage (biogeography)
- Fossil Record
- Homologous and Analogous Features (Anatomical Record)
- Embryology
- Vestigial Features
- Molecular Record
- Artificial Selection
21
Q
Biogeography
A
-the scientific study of the geographic distribution of organisms based on both living species and fossils
22
Q
Fossil Record
A
- new layers cover older ones creating a record over time
- shows similar species evolving into more complex ones
- tell a story (Earth is old, Life is old, Life on Earth has changed)
23
Q
Homologous Features
A
- structures within different species that have the same structure but different functions
- eg. Bat wing and human arm, whale fin and human arm
24
Q
Analogous Features
A
- features in different organisms with a different structure but similar functions
- eg. Bird and insect wings
25
Embryology
- in early developmental stages, the embryos of all vertebrae, including humans, chickens, and fish possess a short bony tail
- human embryos also have gill slits that disappear before we are born
26
Vestigial Features
- a non-functioning or only partially functioning structure in an individual that was once a fully functioning structure in its ancestral species
- eg. Pigs extra toes, hip bones in whales
27
Molecular Record
- all organism share the same DNA and genetic code
| - similar DNA and protein structure
28
Malthus
- Wrote “Essay on the Principle of Population”
- showed that all populations were limited in size by their environment (in particular, their food supply)
- Whatever the conditions, populations could not continue to grow indefinitely
29
Mutations are the source...
Of genetic variation.
30
Darwin's Observations
1) In each generation, populations produce more offspring than there are adults.
2) Populations do not continue to grow in size.
3) Food and many other resources are limited.
4) Individuals within all populations vary.
5) Many variations are heritable.
31
Darwin's Inferences
1) Individuals within a population compete for resources.
| 2) Some individuals will inherit characteristics that give them a better chance of surviving and reproducing.
32
Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection
Over time the population changes as advantageous heritable characteristics become more common generation after generation.
33
Natural Selection
-the way in which nature favours the reproductive success of some individuals within a population over others
34
Survival of the Fittest
-a phrase that has been used to describe the process of natural selection
35
Adaptation
-a structure, behaviour or physiological process that helps an organism survive and reproduce in a particular environment
36
Mimicry
-a structural adaptation in which a harmless species resembles a harmful species in colouration or structure
37
Variation
-differences between individuals which can be structural, functional, or physiological
38
Selective Advantage
-a genetic advantage that improves an organism's chance of survival
39
Selective Pressure
-environmental conditions that select for certain characteristics of individuals and select against others
40
Fitness
- the relative contribution an individual makes to the next generation by producing offspring that will survive long enough to reproduce
41
Extinct
-a species having no living members
42
Evolution
-any change in the heritable traits (alleles) within a population across generations
43
Microevolution
-evolution within species
44
Macroevolution
-evolution causing speciation
45
Age of the Earth
-4.5 billion years old
46
Radioisotope
-an atom eight an unstable nucleus that undergoes radioactive decay
47
Half-Life
-the time required for half the quantity of a radioactive substance to undergo decay
48
Radiometric Dating
- During each half-life of radioactive decay, 50% of a parent isotope decays into a daughter isotope
- The result is a quantitative, predictable relationship between the ratio of parent-to-daughter isotopes and elapsed time.
49
Modern Evolutionary Synthesis
-the modern theory of evolution that takes into account all branches of biology
50
Gene Pool
-the complete set of all alleles contained within a species or population
51
How is evolution defined today?
-change in the gene pool of a species over time
52
Mutation Rates
- relatively uncommon events
| - rates are hard to estimate
53
Homologous Genes
-the more closely related two species are, the more similar we would expect their homologous genes to be
54
Pseudogene
- a vestigial gene that no longer codes for a functioning protein
- no longer serves useful purpose
55
Olfactory Receptor Genes
- mammals have approximately 1000 functioning olfactory receptor genes that code for receptors that detect airborne chemicals
- dolphins have same 1000 but only 200 function
56
GULO Gene
- humans have dysfunctional copy
- gene necessary for production of Vitamin C
- normal diet now provides enough Vitamin C
57
Plate Tectonics
-the scientific theory that describes the large-scale movements and features of the Earth's crust
58
Plate Tectonics & Continental Drift
- explains discovery of same species in Africa, India and Antarctica
- Pangea
59
Sickle Cell Anaemia and How it's caused
- genetic disorder in which the red blood cells are sickle shaped instead of round and therefore cannot carry oxygen
- one change in a letter within the genetic code (non-functioning hemoglobin)
60
Why is SCA selected for in some places but selected against in others?
- heterozygous advantage making people immune to malaria
| - selected for in areas where malaria is prominent and against in other areas where it is not a
61
Directional Selection
-the favouring of one extreme in which a population moves in one direction either increasing or decreasing
Eg. Giraffe necks, peppered moths
62
Stabilizing Selection
-the favouring of the average individual
Eg. Human birth weights (too large=difficult birth, too small=less chance of survival)
63
Disruptive Selection
- the favouring of two extremes
- leads to speciation
Eg. Finches with different food sources , colour camouflage?
64
Sexual Selection
- when an individual chooses traits in a mate that are desirable but don't necessarily aid in survival
- when a trait is selected for because it will help reproduce
Eg. Peacocks, bird songs
65
Two Forms of Sexual Selection
1) female mate choice
| 2) male versus male competition
66
Genetic Drift
- changes to allele frequency as a result of random chance
| - changes are more pronounced on small populations
67
Genetic Bottle Neck
-a dramatic, often temporary, reduction in population size, usually resulting in significant genetic drift
68
Founder Effect
-genetic drift that results when a small number of individuals separate from their original population and establish a new one
69
Hardy-Weinberg Principle
-in large populations in which only random chance is at work, allele frequencies are expected to remain constant from generation to generation
70
According to the Hardy-Weinberg Principle, what conditions result in evolution?
- natural selection
- small population sizes
- mutations
- immigration and emigration
- horizontal gene transfer
71
Consequences of Human Influence on Natural Selection
- HIPPO
- climate change
- selective hunting of prize animals which favours animals with less desirable traits
- insecticides and pesticides (insects and plants becoming resistant)
- antibiotic resistance
72
Speciation
-the formation of a new species
73
Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms
-any behavioural, structural or biochemical that prevents individuals of different species from reproducing successfully together
74
Prezygotic Mechanism
- a RIM that prevents interspecies mating and fertilization
| - occurs to prevent the formation of a zygote
75
Postzygotic Mechanism
-a RIM that prevents maturation and reproduction in offspring from interspecies reproduction
76
List the Prezygotic Isolating Mechanisms (5)
- behavioural
- temporal
- gametic
- ecological
- mechanical
77
Behavioural Isolation
- different species using different courtship and mating clues to find and attract a mate
- eg. Birds of different species and there mating calls
78
Temporal Isolation
-breeding at different times of the year
Eg. Flowering times of plants
79
Ecological Isolation
-very similar species may occupy different habitats within a region
Eg. One bird species in trees, the other on the forest floor
80
Mechanical Isolation
-differences in morphological features may make two species incompatible
Eg. Location of reproductive organs
81
Gametic Isolation
-male gametes may not be able to recognize and fertilize an egg of a different species
Eg. Molecular markers, chemical markers
82
List the Postzygotic Mechanisms (3)
1) Zygote Mortality
2) Hybrid Inviability
3) Hybrid Infertility
83
Zygotic Mortality
-mating and fertilization are possible but genetic differences result in a zygote that is unable to develop properly
Eg. Sheep and goats
84
Hybrid Inviability
-a hybrid develops but either dies before birth or if born alive cannot survive to maturity
Eg. Tigers and Leopards (Miscarriage and Stillborn)
85
Hybrid Infertility
-hybrid offspring remain healthy and viable but are sterile
Eg. Mule (horse and donkey)
86
Allopatric Speciation
- the formation of a new species as a result of evolutionary changes following a period of geographic isolation
- stops gene flow
- over time RIM will form
87
Gene Flow
-transfer of alleles from one population to another
88
Sympatric Speciation
- the evolution of populations within the same geographic area into separate species
- laying eggs in different places
- mutations
- niche differentiation with microhabitats
- polyploidy
89
Human Impacts on Speciation
- agricultural expansion
- road construction
- fragmenting large habitats
90
Patterns of Evolution (4)
- adaptive radiations
- divergent evolution
- convergent evolution
- coevolution
91
Adaptive Radiation
-the relatively rapid evolution of a single species into many new species, filling a variety of formerly empty ecological niches
Eg. Beaks of finches
92
Divergent Evolution
- the large-scale evolution of a group into many different forms
- leads to less competition as new species diverge to fill specialized ecological niches
- given enough time new species continue to evolve until most available resources are used
93
Convergent Evolution
-the evolution of similar traits in distantly related species
Eg. Sharks and Dolphins
94
Coevolution
- a process in which one species evolves in response to the evolution of another species
- species depend on one another
Eg. Orchids depend on a species if moth to pollinate their flowers and the moths depend on orchid nectar for food
95
Abiotic
-not derived from living organisms
96
Biotic
-resulting from living things
97
Examples of Adaptations
S: long neck, sharp talons/night vision (owls)
B: Nocturnal Animals, Hibernation?
P: Hibernation, Goose Bumps,
98
Darwin
- Father of evolution
- Proposed theory of evolution by natural selection by studying species on remote islands while sailing around the world on the Beagle
- Able to figure out that species evolve and how they went about evolution
99
Wallace
- Came to the same conclusions as Darwin that species change over time
- Darwin submit a paper along with Wallace’s at a meeting of the Linnean Society
