Test Flashcards
How was science treated at the time?
They wanted to keep scientific knowledge down, all scientific knowledge came from either the catholic church or the ancient greeks.
What is the Enlightenment?
An explosion of ideas that focused on individual happiness and freedom by using logic and reason.
What are the three largest effects of the Enlightenment?
Less reliance on religion
Belief in progress
Importance on the individual
What undermined the power and influence of the Catholic Church?
Scientific advances.
What is the social contract?
Agreement between individuals and the government to accept the society’s rules
According to John Locke, what is a government’s main concern?
If the government doesn’t protect the natural rights they should be overthrown by the people
How was the French and Indian War important in bringing about the American Revolution?
After the French and Indian War, Great Britain became greatly in debt and began taxes the American colonies greatly. This led to the rebellion.
What is Mercantilism?
A country’s national security was directly tied to its national wealth.
Why did the British occupy Boston, and pass the rest of the Intolerable Acts?
Passed in response to the Boston Tea Party
What were the Intolerable Acts?
British troops occupied the city of Boston and shut down the harbor
Disbanded massachusetts government that was elected by the people
Forced colonist to house and feed British troops
Allowed loyalist to be tried in Britain.
Explain how the Enlightenment ideas inspired the American Revolution.
Locke-England wasn’t protecting our natural rights so we rebelled
Voltaire’s- 1st amendment, freedoms of speech, religion, press, and assembly
Motesquus- 3 branches of government
Beccari’s- 4 th amendments, no cruel or unusual punishments, entire legal system
In what ways can you still see the impact of the Enlightenment on the United States government?
The 3 branches of government. The 4th and 1st amendments and the natural rights
What things did the first and second estates (France) have in common?
Paid no taxes
Vast amounts of wealth
Had political power
What is the only quality that all 3rd estate members shared?
Paid very high taxes
How large was the 3rd estate, and what kind of people did it encompass?
97% of the populations. The middle 3rd estate was made up of business owners and merchants. While the lower 3rd estate was made up of peasants and poor city workers
Describe the living conditions for the peasants. Give specific examples.
Lived on land leased to them by a wealthy landowners.
Worked everyday of the week except for sunday.
WEALTHY peasants would have a bed stand and maybe a few iron pots, while poor peasants slept on straw and had no iron pots.
The peasants smelled so bad they used smoke to mask their smell.
Many peasants ate what they grew, so if it was too rainy or too dry for a good crop season to grow the peasants had a good chance of starving.
What are four economic problems that France had before the Revolution?
High taxes caused the economy to crash
Drought killed crops, making bread too expensive to buy
France helped the colonies in the american revolution
Too much money spent by Louis and Marie Antoinette.
In what two ways did the American Revolution help to bring about the French Revolution?
The success of the american revolution inspired the French Revolution.
Taxes also went up, causing the 3rd estate to pay higher taxes
How did Enlightenment ideas helped bring about the French Revolution?
Locke’s ideas on natural rights, and the government’s job of protecting them. Voltaire’s ideas made people want freedom of expression and religion.
How did the Declaration of the Rights of Man change the government of France?
Got rid of the estate system, kept the king and created a congress
Government would protect natural rights
Women weren’t included
Why was all of Europe scared of the French Revolution?
They were afraid the revolution would spread to their country.
What is the Great Fear?
Austria tried to invade France to restore the queen to power, at the request of the upper class
How would the new Jacobin-led government be different from the past?
Erase catholicism and start a religion of virtue
Raise an army to tax the people’s food and land
Robespierre named himself the head of the committee on public safety which allowed him to decide who was an enemy of the revolution
What was Maximilien Robespierre able to do because he was the head of the Commission of Public Safety?
Allowed him to decide who was an enemy of the revolution
How does the French Revolution provide an example of the dangers of democracy?
Knowledge must not be replaced with fear and ignorance.
Protection for the minority and opposition is crucial
What was life like before the Industrial Revolution?
All the south and central America was controlled by Europeans countries. Native people and African slaves were the lowest class of people. Europeans were wealthy and controlled the entire continent. Most people lived on small farms and grew crops to eat. Most work was done in the home or was done by hand by an artisan.
How does industrialization change daily life?
Machines began to be invented to help do work faster. Harnessing energy from rivers and steam can do a lot more work than from a human. As a machines got larger, they began to be put together with other huge machines in buildings called factories.
What are two ways that the Agricultural Revolution helped to produce the Industrial Revolution?
Forced more people to move into the city because of the enclosure movement.
Many people were out of work and looked for ways to make money
What are eight reasons that helped England industrialize?
Plenty of energy with river and coal to run the machines
Large amounts of natural resources like iron ore for building machines and raw materials like cotton and wool
Rivers to transport materials and finished goods
Large harbors to handle al the new trade were already built.
Stable economy and government allowed businesses to grow
Already had a global trade network to sell goods
Large Urban population with no other option
Which industry was the first to industrialize?
Textiles
What are 3 improvements in Transportation, how does each one contribute to helping society?
Steam boat-could transport large amounts of factory made goods long distances. Could now move against the current
Railroad- could move goods quickly and cheaply across the country and world. Building cars, laying track, and mining for coal created many jobs. Helped fisherman and farmers because they could now ship goods to where the market is
Roads- were better built so goods could move quickly
How do telegraphs and telephones change life during industrialization?
Could now communicate globally and run large businesses. News takes minutes to travel instead of months
Why wouldn’t England let certain people out of their country?
The wanted to keep secrets for himself because it was making their country rich.
Where did industrialization appear first in the United States?
Lowell, Massachusetts
In what two ways was the factory work a positive for the workers in Lowell’s factories?
Gave women their first taste of equality
It also gave women a taste of freedom.
How did industrialization contribute to global inequality?
Industrialized countries became more advanced, wealthy, and more powerful. They used non-industrialized countries as the Market and for resources. This made non-industrialized countries to become poorer and easier to exploit. This was known as imperialism.
What places in the world are in the process of becoming industrialized?
China, India, and Vietnam
Where has industrialization not started yet on a large scale?
Africa
What are 8 specific things that were wrong with the tenement housing or working conditions? (Not in the notes)
No building codes
No national free education
Very poor police protection
Streets had no drains and were piled high with waster
Widespread diseases
Urban life span was only 45 years
Poor conditions were due to the fast pace of population growth in cities
government unwilling to address the problem.
How did the government help to cause the poor state of the working class?
Businesses allowed to regulate businesses. Government in the US at the time believed in extreme hands-on principles. Allowed businesses to gain huge profit and make owners incredibly wealthy while workers remained incredibly poor.
What are 7 short term changes that happened during the industrial revolution?
The government believed it should stay out of businesses so there were few rules Terrible working and living conditions Factory owners grew incredibly rich Middle class was able to enjoy higher standards of living due to cheaper goods Poor grew even poorer No education except for the wealthy Outbreak of disease Widespread child labor
What are five long term effects of Industrialization?
More individual wealth Better health and life expectancy Growth of a middle class Better education Building codes nad business regulations enacted nad reinforced
What does laissez-faire mean?
It means “Hands off,” keeping government hands off of business.
Whose hands does this mean, and what are they keeping off of?
They mean the government are keeping their hands off of the businesses.
Who owns the businesses, resources, and make decisions in capitalism?
The people
At what scale is capitalism efficient?
More efficient on smaller scales
