Test Flashcards
(107 cards)
1
Q
Integration of research evidence and clinical experience
A
Evidence based practice
2
Q
Paper reviewed by recognized researchers in the field
A
Peer reviewed
3
Q
Study where an intervention is made or variables are manipulated
A
Experimental
4
Q
Study with no intervention or manipulation of variables
A
Observational
5
Q
Examples of experimental studies
A
Experiment
Randomized controlled trial
Non randomized controlled trial
6
Q
Types of observational studies
A
Cohort Case control Cross sectional Descriptive Surveys Case reports
7
Q
Primary vs. secondary research
A
Primary is an original study
Secondary assesses other studies
8
Q
Describe the EBP process and it’s components
A
Patient problem Clinical question Evidence Critical appraisal Apply Self assess
9
Q
Definition of Evidence Based Practice
A
Use of CURRENT BEST EVIDENCE
10
Q
Direct applicability to patient care in terms of our patient population, feasability and the possibility of changing our clinical practice
A
Relevance
11
Q
The technical rigor of a study
A
Validity
12
Q
Time, money, or effort required to answer a clinical question
A
Work
13
Q
What type of questions do you ask in EBP?
A
Directly relevant to patients problems phrased in ways that can direct your search
14
Q
Questions asked for general knowledge about an illness, disease, condition, process, or thing
A
Background
15
Q
Questions that ask for specific knowledge to inform clinical decisions
A
Foreground
16
Q
PICOTT model
A
Patient, problem, or population Intervention Comparison or control Outcome Type of question Type of study
17
Q
Question based on treatment
A
Therapy
18
Q
Questions the identification of a disease with specific symptoms
A
Diagnosis
19
Q
Types of studies for therapy questions
A
Double blind randomized controlled trial
Sytematic review/ meta analysis of RCT’s
20
Q
Studies for diagnosis
A
Controlled trial
Systematic review
Meta analysis
Cross sectional
21
Q
Studies for prevention
A
RCT
Cohort study
22
Q
Studies of etiology/harm
A
Cohort studies
23
Q
Studies of prognosis
A
Cohort studies
Case control
Case series
24
Q
What study is at the top of the EBM pyramid?
A
Meta analysis or systematic review
25
Method to appraise a study's usefulness
PPICONS
26
What is PPICONS
```
Problem
Patient
Intervention
Comparison
Outcome
Number of subjects
Statistics
```
27
Study that begins and ends in the present but look backword to collect exposure information in order to evaluate outcomes that are happening today
Retrospective
28
Begin in the present with exposures over time and look forward, collecting outcome data in the future
Prospective
29
Study of perpsectives/explanations
Qualitative, difficult to generalize to a population
Quality of life type study
30
Study involving measurements/values
Quantitative
31
What type of research helps to generate hypotheses
Descriptive
32
What type of research tests hypotheses
Analytic
33
Subcategories of descriptive studies
Case reports
Case series
Ecologic
34
Subcatagories of analytic research
```
Experimental
Clinical trial
Community trial
Educational intervention
Observational
Cross sectional
Case control
Cohort
```
35
What is a case report
Single case
36
Case series
Series of similar, interesting cases
37
What do ecologic studies look at?
Whole populations rather than individuals
38
Studied variables under the control of the researcher
Experimental
39
Variables not under the control of the researcher
Observational
40
Contacts with risk factors
Exposures
41
Effects being measured
Outcomes
42
Subjects who have the outcome of interest
Cases
43
Subjects in the comparison group
Control
44
A characteristic of interest that assumes different values for different subjects
Variable
45
Age, gender, and marital status are examples of what
Independant variables
46
The measurable outcome variable
Dependent variable, influenced by the independent variable
47
Additional independent variable which influence dependent variables
Confounding variable
48
A systematic error in the design, conduct, or analysis of a study that leads to results that do not represent the true findings
Bias
49
Three main types of statistical bias
Sampling bias
Measurement bias
Other sources
50
The degree to which a measurement represents a true value
Validity
51
Can the observed differences between groups be attributed to the intervention
Internal validity
52
Are the observed differences in your study representative of patients/subjects in general?
External validity
53
The reproducibility of a measurement
Reliability
54
Number of new cases over time, unit of time
Incidence
55
Total cases at a point in time, percentage
Prevalence
56
What is incidence used for
Determine the cause of disease
| Determine the likelihood of developing disease
57
Methods of qualitative research
```
Focus groups
Interviews
Surveys
Self reports
Observations
Document analysis
Sampling
```
58
Types of descriptive studies
```
Individuals
Case reports
Case series
Population
Ecologic
```
59
Brings a novel or unusual patient to the attention of colleagues
Case report
60
What are case series used for
Examine adverse events or effects
Catalog new diseases or outbreaks
Determine the feasibility or safety of a new treatment
Discuss the potential efficasy of a new treatement
61
What do case studies and case series lack?
Sufficient methodological rigor
62
Examine the relationship between exposures and diseases as measured in a population rather than in individuals
Ecologic
63
Patients who already have the specific condition
Cases
64
Observational case control
Looks back to identify factors or exposures that might be associated with the disease, compares cases with controls
65
When is a case control good to use
Studying rare outcomes
66
A group of people who share a common characteristic or experience and all remain in the group for a period of time
Cohort
67
An epidemiologic envestigation that follows groups with common characteristics
Cohort study
68
What is the strongest observational study
Cohort study
69
When are cohort studiees indicated
Good evidence suggests an association of a disease with a certain exposure
70
Case control vs cohort
Case control - star with disease, look retrospectively, rare diseases, recall and selection bias, cheap
Cohort - start with exposure, look for disease, common diseases, high risk for drop out, expensive
71
Limitation of cross sectional study
Snapshot in time
| Cannot calculate incidence, it is a prevalence study
72
Three types of experimental study
Clinical trial
Community trial
Educational intervention
73
Introduced by the researcher
Intervention
74
Seek to eliminate confounding variables
Controlled trials
75
The concealment of group allocation from one or more individuals involved in a clinical research study
Blinding
76
Types of blinding
Single blinding
Double blinding
Triple blinding
77
Allocation is concealed from only one group
Single blinding
78
Allocation is concealed from both researchers and subjects
Double blinding
79
Allocation is unknown to the subjects, administering the treatment, and the assessors of the outcome
Triple blind
80
What is the gold standard
Double blind randomized control trial
81
Four major areas of methodological concern in an RCT
Enrollment
Allocation
Follow up
Analysis
82
Desired demographic for inclusion in the study
Inclusion criteria
83
Reason certain people aren't included in a study
Exclusion criteria
84
Results lack external validity
Too strict
85
Study lacks internal validity
Exclusion criteria too lax
86
How to assess enrollment
Descriptive statistics
87
Another term for non randomized controlled trials
Quasi experiments
88
Take the results of large numbers of primary research studies and combine them into one
Meta analysis and systemic review
89
Advantages of systematic review
Less costly
Less time required
Exhaustive review of current literature
Results can be generalized and extrapolated
More reliable and accurate than individual studies
Evidence based resource
90
A statistical synthesis of the numerical results of several trials which all addressed the sam research question
Meta analysis
91
A thorough, comprehensive, and explicit way of interpreting the medical literature
Systematic review
92
Statistical approach to combine the data derived from several selected studies
Meta analysis
93
Provide a clear explanation of the logical relationships between alternative care options and health outcomes
Clinical practice guidelines
94
The proportion of people with the disease who have a positive test for the disease
Sensitivity
95
The proportion of people without the disease who have a negatie test
Specificity
96
A highly sensitive test is most useful to the clinician when it is
Negative
97
A highly specific test is most useful to the clinician when it is
Positive
98
Pretest probability
Prevalence
99
Proportion of patients who have the disease and a positive test
Positive predictive value
100
Proportion of patient who do not have the disease and have a negative test
Negative predictive value
101
An alternative way of describing the performance of a diagnostic test
Likelihood ratio
102
Likelihood of a particulat result in someone with the disease
----------------------------
Likelihood of the same result in someone without the disease
Likelihood ratio
103
Ratio of the proportion of diseased people with a positive test result to the proportion of non diseased people with a positive result
Likelihood ratio
104
Positive LR?
Rules in the disease, bigger the better
105
A measure of how often a particular statistical event occurs within the scientific control group
Control event rate
106
Measure of how often a particular statistical event occurs within the experimental group
Experimental event rate
107
Measures the magnitude of an association between an exposed and non exposed group
Relative risk
