Test Flashcards

Question

What are the red hatters?

Answer 1

A social group that encourages senior women to get out and have fun.

Answer 2

Came out in 1974 and was the first report to talk about the social determinants. Was a report that said human biology, environment, lifestyle, and healthcare organizations were all determinants of health.

Answer 3

Declared that health is created and lived by people within the settings of their everyday life, where they learn, work, play, and love. Named several prerequisites for health.

Answer 4

Came out in 1986, it was a frame work for health promotion that identified reducing health inequities between income groups as an important government policy.

Answer 5

Two reports in 1992 (The Black report and Health Divide) found that the lowest employment groups are more likely to suffer wide range of diseases and premature death from illness or injury at every stage in the life cycle. Rich = healthier.

Answer 6

Commissioned by a labour government, it examined inequalities in health in the UK and confirmed that wealth=health. However, it was published under a conservative government who buried it.

Answer 7

He was a british economist who studied health disparities in first-world nations. He found that unequal societies are more unhealthy societies and that health and life expectancy are greatly determined by social position.

Answer 8

Physical, social, mental, and occupational health | Is an ongoing active process of trying to achieve the highest level of health possible in each dimension.

Answer 9

A town in Nova Scotia that was established after the civil war by black people claiming land promised by the british. Became a black slum. As halifax grew, services were extended to everywhere expect africville. Later, everyone was forced out when Halifax decided to turn it into a municipal dump. Became a good example of community health.

Answer 10

When the initial mortality rates for the hurricane were announced, they only included those who died as a direct cause of the storm. Later, however, Harvard performed their own study taking into the account the long-term, social determinants of the storm, finding a significantly higher mortality rate due to the lack of response and health infrastructure.

Answer 11

``` Income and Social Status Social Support Networks Education and Literacy Employment/Working Conditions Social Environments Physical Environments Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills Healthy Child Development Biology and Genetic Endowment Health Services Gender Culture ```

Answer 12

Higher income and social status are linked to better health. The greater the gap between the richest and poorest people, the greater the differences in health.

Answer 13

Low education levels are linked with poor health, more stress, and lower self-confidence

Answer 14

Safe water and clean air, healthy workplaces, safe houses, communities and roads all contribute to good health.

Answer 15

People in employment are healthier, particularly those who have more control over their working conditions.

Answer 16

Greater support from families, friends, and communities is linked to better health.

Answer 17

Customs, traditions, and beliefs of the family and community all affect health.

Answer 18

Inheritance plays a part in determining lifespan, healthiness, and the likelihood of developing certain illnesses.

Answer 19

Balanced eating, keeping active, smoking, drinking, and how we deal with life's stresses and challenges all affect health.

Answer 20

Access and use of services that prevent and treat disease influences health

Answer 21

Men and women suffer from different types of diseases at different ages.

Answer 22

in 1944/1945, a combination of a Nazi food blockade and a severe, long winer caused a famine in a normally well-nourished population in a very specific region for a very specific time. Studies have found that babies in the first trimester had lower birthweight and remained so for the rest of their life. It also found that the individuals exposed to this famine in utero were more susceptible to diabetes, CVD, obesity, and other health problems.

Answer 23

It is a disease caused by the softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D, phosphorous, or calcium deficiency. Often causes bowed legs or knock knees as a result of severe malnutrition.

Answer 24

In 1967, in an effort to increase the population, Romania's Nicolae Ceausescu passed decree 770, which banned all forms of contraception and abortion for women under 45 (40 later) or who had less than 4 kids. Resulted in 170000 orphans as parents could not afford to keep their kids, resulting in 700 overrun orphanages. It also resulted in an increased rate of maternal mortality due to increased rate of botch abortions.

Answer 25

Children were being neglected due to the lack of staff to look after them. Resulted in developmental delays, poor hygiene, malnutrition, and several other problems. Many were adopted into high earning canadian families but still suffered life-long problems, such as higher risks of mental health problems such as depression, self-harm, drug abuse, and suicide. Ex. Audrey hepburn.

Answer 26

The process whereby individuals who have early opportunities for success (ex. better life chances) most often build on that success to perpetuate their advantage later in life

Answer 27

Carry forth disadvantages of early life, may lead to later life poverty or poor health.

Answer 28

Latent: early life environment affects adult health (malnutrition = rickets) Pathway: early life environment like poverty sets you on a pathway that impacts your health status over time ex. poverty effects readiness for school Cumulative: the intensity and duration of exposure to negative conditions adversely affects your health depending on the level of negative exposure, resulting in accumulated disadvantages.

Answer 29

When it broke out in south America, the rich were able to afford to put chlorine in their water to prevent breeding and were made aware of the problem. Many lower income weren't even aware of the issue until they were pregnant with a symptom-positive child. Were unable to get abortions due to high population of religion and begged Canadians to send abortion pill. There was a lack of public awareness.

Answer 30

Wrote The Conditions of the Working Class in England in 1845, writing about the health conditions of workers in England, specifically one suburb in Manchester. Found that death rates varied based on housing quality and street in the same neighbourhood. Claimed poverty, poor housing, clothing, diet, and lack of sanitation led directly to infections and diseases among the poor as well as stress.

Answer 31

The belief that oppressions are interlinked and cannot be solved alone. We cannot just look at one aspect as they are all interconnected. A theoretical framework that attempts to be inclusive and identify all forms of oppression and power within society by being aware of multiple frameworks that subordinate people.

Answer 32

Almost 1/4 of Canadian women raising children alone and 14% of single older women are poor. Single mothers are 5x more likely to be poor and the low income rate of older women on their own is 13X higher than those living with a family. Poverty affects single women disproportionately to men.

Answer 33

Elderly women were more effected as they were housewives and stay at home moms who do not have an income once the husband passes away.

Answer 34

Equity is a moral and ethical dimension, talking about differences which are unnecessary and avoidable but also unfair and unjust. These are things that can be addressed and changed. Ex. Marshal Islands

Answer 35

Usually done through the shaman or medicine man. They believed in a connection to the spirit world and mother earth, focusing on the balance and harmony. If you were ill, it may have been linked to you disrespecting nature. Medicinal traditions were passed down through generations through oral teachings and observations, using over 500 plants.

Answer 36

Aboriginal communities kept them alive during the harsh winters by teaching them how to hunt and fish, which nuts and plants to gather, how to preserve meat, and how to build snowshoes, canoes, and toboggans. In return, we brought small pox, measles, and the flu as they had no immunity.

Answer 37

When settlers brought over disease, priests wanted to baptize the sick and dying aboriginal people, unknowingly bringing more disease into the communities, causing the aboriginals to perceive them as the veil medicine of the black robes.

Answer 38

Federal: marine hospitals, quarantine management, care of aboriginals Provincial: hospitals and asylums, charities and charitable institutions, and public health (more by default)

Answer 39

Doctors were mostly civilians and military with only the rich being able to afford physician care. The less wealthy turned to religious or charitable organizations and family as well as the remedies shared by the aboriginals. Hospitals were for the poor as the rich saw it as somewhere people went to die.

Answer 40

Hotel Dieu de Quebec - established by the order of Augustinian nuns from France. These early hospitals were charitable institutions that the rich avoided.

Answer 41

The introduction of anesthesia and aseptic techniques in the 1880s reduced the death rates in hospitals from infection, making them safer.

Answer 42

The 1st hospital in Western Canada (Winnipeg). It opened in 1871 with four beds, founded by the 4 sisters of Charity of Montreal.

Answer 43

A few years later, a second hospital run by village housewives was opened, tending to gunshot wounds, typhoid fever, and malaria.

Answer 44

As the population grew, so too did disease and poverty. People paid for their own healthcare. Common issues included STIs and child welfare. Along the same time, industrial development was booming.

Answer 45

Medicine was a mans world that focused on training in lecture halls as opposed to the bedside, as doctors were gentlemen. Women were not welcome, despite nursing schools predating the 1st medical school in Canada.

Answer 46

Was a physician who placed an emphasis on bedside training. Began using cadavers that they stole as it was seen as unsightly to tamper with a cadaver.

Answer 47

In Britain, midwifery was seen as a partnership with medical professionals, helping deal with the large families that came in and around the first world war and right afterwards. In the US and Canada, there was a movement to push midwives out as expertise was seen to be associated with university and high eduction as opposed to info being passed down from one person to another on the job. Midwives ended up taking jobs up north that doctors didn't want.

Answer 48

She was a cook and maid in the 1900s who carried the typhoid disease but was asymptomatic. She was the cause of several outbreaks in households and was isolated for three years. After being released and swore not to work around food, she returned to work in a hospital under a pseudonym and caused several more outbreaks and two deaths. (She needed money, no man in the picture). After this, she was placed in custody and lived alone on an island until her death in 1958.

Answer 49

Ontario in 1832, then Quebec in 1833. Saskatchewan established the Bureau of Public Health in 1909 and the Department of Health was established in Alberta (1918), Manitoba (1928), and NS (1931).

Answer 50

They provided healthcare or raised funds for healthcare. Common organization included The Order of St.John, The Canadian Red Cross, the Canadian National Institute for the Blind, the Victorian Order of Nurses, the Children's Aid Society, and the YMCA.

Answer 51

Established in 1934, it was a system of hospitals on the coast of NFLD to serve 1500+ rural communities. Doctors and nurses would travel to the communities and provide healthcare, sometimes by hospital boat.

Answer 52

Midwives washed their hands constantly as opposed to midwives, so they were less likely to have patients contract an illness.

Answer 53

He was a Swiss doctors that was recruited by the US. He was studying health during wwII and saw that people desperately needed healthcare services. He proposed a more socialized approach to healthcare, similar to what Russia had at the time. Aimed to get state-run and financed health services When USSR went cray-cray in the 1930s, people turned on him and the US continued to have an individualized system.

Answer 54

Hailed as a national hero in China and was essentially the original doctor with boarders. He organized the first mobile blood-transfusion service along the front and wanted to move towards a socialized health care system. He later moved to China to support Mao and became a military doctor, where he trained other people in healthcare.

Answer 55

Tommy Douglas. He was the premier of Saskatchewan in the 1940s-60s. He immigrated to Canada from Scotland, lived through the great depression and became a Baptist Minister where he witnessed the inequalities of the HC system on the population. He later joined the SK labour party to work towards a more equal health care system. Eventually established the first provincial health insurance program that covered universal hospital costs then doctors costs, sharing the costs 50/50 with the federal government beginning in 1957 (for hospitals) and in 1968 (for doctors).

Answer 56

Canadians believed that the government had a role to play in providing its citizens with reasonable standard of living and access to basic health care. Wanted security and equity that a publicly funded system would bring.

Answer 57

The middle class. They felt the most brunt of not being able to afford health care as the rich could pay for their own and the poor could seek help from charities.

Answer 58

The National Medical Care Insurance Act. The federal government agreed to pay 50% of provincial insurance plans. At this point, all provinces had a form of socialized health care that was paid by taxes.

Answer 59

Outlawed the direct billing of patients by doctors for covered procedures. Doctors got mad because they felt they were being told what to do so they went on strike for 25 days in 1984. The public was not with them however and when the government threatened to import British doctors, they went back to work.

Answer 60

1) Universally available 2) Reasonably accessible 3) Medically comprehensive (everything deemed medically essential was covered) 4) Portable between provinces 5) Publicly administered

Answer 61

Libertarian: believed that you should be free to do as you choose with your own life and property, as long as you don't harm anyone else, advocating the maximizing of individual rights while minimizing the role of the state. Egalitarianism: believed individuals have a moral right to healthcare and that autonomy and freedom cannot exist in any other society as freedom cannot exist without equality of conditions. We are all in this together mentality of Canadians.

Test Flashcards

(86 cards)