Test Flashcards by Daniel Plainview

Publisher of the book, Finger Prints and first to classify loop, whorl, and arch?

Calvin Goddard
Francis Galton
Edmond Locard
ALphonse Bertillon

Francis Galton

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Evidence that Implicates the accused?

Inculpatory
Exculpatory
Direct
Circumstantial

Inculpatory

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Feature of an item that is unique to a group of items or information in an non-individual context about some aspect physical evidence is

Associative evidence
reconstructive evidence
Class Characteristics
Individual Characteristics

Class Characteristics

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Term used to describe the overall crime scene?

Primary
Secondary
Macroscopic
Microscopic

Macroscopic

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Crime scene description based on location of the original criminal activity?

Primary
Secondary
Macroscopic
Microscopic

Primary

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The step in Crime Scene Reconstruction where additional accumulation of data is based on examination of the physical evidence and the continuing investigation is

Conjecture
Hypothesis Formulation
Testing
Theory Formulation

Hypothesis Formulation

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The step in Crime Scene Reconstruction when the hypothesis has been thoroughly tested and verified by analysis, this may occur

Conjecture
Hypothesis Formulation
Testing
Theory Formulation

Theory Formulation

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Fluid portion of blood that contains red and white blood cells

Serum
Platelets
Leukocytes
Plasma

Plasma

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Major cocmponents of the clotting mechanism of blood

Serum
Platelets
Leukocytes
Plasma

Platelets

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Exsanguination

Death due to lack of oxygen

Process of blood loss sufficient to cause death

Twitching of body parts postmortem

Death due to excessive brain bleed

Blood loss sufficient to cause death

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Weight of a substance relative to the weight of an equal volume of water

Terminal Velocity
Specific Gravity
Viscosity
Surface Tension

Specific Gravity

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Four phases of a blood drop impacting a surface in order

Collapse
Displacement
Dispersion
Retraction

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Characteristics for each blood pattern?

Size, shape, distribution, appearance, and location

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When determining angle of impact choose stains that are what?

Less than 60 degrees

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How is Cause of Death defined?
• A biochemical or physiologic abnormality produced by the cause of death that is incompatible with life
• The physical clarification for the events that produced death.
• The fashion in which the cause of death came to be.
• The disease or injury that initiates the lethal chain of events that lead to death

Disease or injury that initiates the lethal chain of events that lead to death

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How is the Mechanism of Death defined?
• A biochemical or physiologic abnormality produced by the cause of death that is incompatible with life
• The disease or injury that initiated the lethal change of events.
• The fashion in which the cause of death came to be.
• The physical clarification for the events that produced death.

The fashion in which the cause of death came to be

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How is the Manner of Death Defined?
• The disease or injury that initiated the lethal change of events.
• The fashion in which the cause of death came to be.
• The physiological abnormality produced by the cause of death.
• The physical clarification for the events that produced death.

The physical clarification for the events that produced death

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What is the discoloration of a body that occurs from the settling of red blood cells after blood stops circulating?
•	 Rigor mortis
•	 Hema mortis
•	 Livor mortis
•	 Algor mortis

Livor mortis

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What is the cooling off of the body that occurs after death called?
•	 Rigor mortis
•	 Malaise mortis
•	 Liver mortis
•	 Algor mortis

Algor Mortis

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Stippling or tattooing is consistent with
•	 contact gunshot wounds
•	 intermediate – range gunshot wounds
•	 distant gunshot wounds
•	 exit wounds

Contact gunshot wounds

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The nuclei of what cells are the source of DNA in blood?
•	 Red blood cells
•	 Plasma
•	 White blood cells
•	 Serum

White blood cells

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What is it called when a person has the same number of copies at both loci?
•	 Homozygous
•	 Heterozygosity
•	 Polymorphism
•	 Monomorphism

Homozygous

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What is it called when a person has a different number of copies at both loci?
•	 Homozygous
•	 Heterozygosity
•	 Polymorphism
•	 Monomorphism

Heterozygosity

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What type of testing can unambiguously determine what a male has contributed to a mixed sample?
•	 X-STR typing
•	 XY-STR typing
•	 Y-STR typing
•	 Male typing

Y-STR typing

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A variation of the fingerprint classification system used in the United States and the United Kingdom was first developed by • Sir William Herschel • Henry Faulds • Juan Vucetich • Sir Edward Henry

Henry Faulds

``` The type of fingerprint pattern that has at least two deltas is a • Loop • Whorl • Plain arch • Tented arch ```

Whorl

``` Which of the following is not a type of print that could be encountered at a crime scene? • Latent • Cogent • Plastic • Patent ```

Cogent

``` The type of sweat gland found on the surface of the fingers, hands and feet are • Eccrine • Apocrine • Sebaceous • Merocrine ```

Eccrine

``` The most significant contributing factor resulting in an increase or decrease in the kinetic energy of a bullet is: • Bullet mass • Bullet Velocity • Barrel length • Barrel rifling ```

Bullet Velocity

``` The trigonometric equation for calculating angle of impact is: • arc sin(width÷length) • arc tan(width÷length) • arc sin(length÷width) • arc tan(length÷width) ```

arc sin (width/length)

``` Stress marks shaped like arches that are perpendicular to one glass surface and nearly parallel to the opposite surface is known as • Concentric Cracks • Radial Cracks • Conchoidal Lines • Hackle Mark ```

Concentric Cracks

``` A line on the crack surface running parallel to the local direction of crack spreading is known as a • Concentric Crack • Radial Crack • Conchoidal Line • Hackle Mark ```

Radial

``` Depth of field extends _______ to the front and ______ to the rear of the point of focus. • ¼ to the front and -¾ to the rear • ⅓ to the front and -⅔ to the rear • ½ to the front and -½ to the rear • 1 to the front and -1 to the rear ```

1/2 to the front and -2/3 to the rear

``` Which ISO value is the most sensitive to light? • ISO 100 • ISO 400 • ISO 800 • ISO 1600 ```

ISO 1600

An aperture of f/8 allows twice as much light as f/16 to enter the camera. • True • False

True

``` Which value is one stop less light than provided by an aperture f/8? • f/2.0 • f/4.0 • f/11 • f/16 ```

F/11

``` Which value allows three more stops of light into the camera than provided by an ISO 100 setting? • ISO 400 • ISO 800 • ISO 1200 • ISO 1600 ```

ISO 800

``` Which shutter speed is five stops slower than 1/60th of a second? • ½ of a second • 1/20th of a second • 1/300th of a second • 1/600 of a second ```

1/2 of a second

``` A camera’s light meter attempts to find a/an __________ gray value as a light balanced exposure? • 18% • 25% • 33% • 50% ```

18%

``` Which aperture allows the most light into the camera? • f/1.8 • f/5.6 • f/16 • f/32 ```

f/1.8

``` Who developed the first SLR camera? • Carl Zeiss • Matthew Brady • Karl Nuechterlein • Ansel Adams ```

Karl Neuchterlein

``` Which lens attachment can provide a magnified image of a subject? • Extension tubes • Bellows unit • Diopters • All of the above ```

All of the above

``` Which lens attachment can provide a magnified image of a subject? • Extension tubes • Bellows unit • Diopters • All of the above ```

All of the above

``` What is the biggest issue with large apertures? • Failure of reciprocity. • Timed exposures are required. • A reduction in depth of field. • The requirement of flash photography. ```

A reduction in depth of field

``` What would be the best shutter speed for taking photographs in fluorescent light? • 1/30 of a second • 1/90 of a second • 1/250 of a second • Fastest flash-sync speed ```

1/30 of a second

``` What does the Kelvin scale measure? • Ambient temperature • Color temperature of light • Aperture size • Total exposure value ```

Color temperature of light

``` What is a main benefit of Flash Photography? • The light is white balanced. • The ease of operation in Manual mode. • Utilizing reciprocity. • Reflective metering. ```

The light is white balanced

``` What type of flash would you use to photograph an item that requires a close-up focus? • TTL flash • Built in flash • Ring flash • Fill flash ```

Ring flash

``` The method of roadmapping bloodstain pattern documentation was created by • Toby Wolson • Tom Bevel • Paul Kirk • Christine Ramirez ```

Toby Wolson

An essential component of bloodstain quadrant mapping is to assure that • it is the first step after photography • each quadrant is a two foot square • each quadrant has 90 degree corners • matching quadrants are created on all surfaces

Each quadrant has 90 degree corners

``` What color lens would increase the contrast of blood on blue jeans by making the blood appear darker in the image? • Yellow • Green • Red • Blue ```

Blue

``` What type of lighting is an effective way to photograph the head stamp on a cartridge case? • Infrared • Oblique • Ultraviolet • Reflective ```

Oblique

``` What type of filters may be used for laser trajectory photography during daytime conditions? • Orange barrier filter • ND filters • Infrared Filters • UV filters ```

ND Filters

``` What is the nanometer range of UV light in the electromagnetic light spectrum? • Greater than 700nm • Greater than 1000nm • Between 400nm and 700nm • Less than 400 nm ```

Less than 400 nm

``` What is the nanometer range of IR light in the electromagnetic light spectrum? • Greater than 700nm • Greater than 1000nm • Between 400nm and 700nm • Less than 400 nm ```

Greater than 700nm

``` What is the nanometer range that visible light is found in the electromagnetic light spectrum? • Greater than 700nm • Greater than 1000nm • Between 400nm and 700nm • Less than 400 nm ```

Between 400nm and 700nm

``` At what wavelength would you find blue light? • 390nm • 470nm • 532nm • 670nm ```

470nm

``` What color barrier filter would you typically choose for UV lighting? • Yellow • Orange • Red • Green ```

Yellow

``` What color barrier filter would you typically choose for blue lighting? • Yellow • Orange • Red • Green ```

Orange

``` What type of light is best for viewing obliterated writing on checks? • UV light. • IR light. • Incandescent light. • Green light. ```

IR Light

``` What is a major cause of a hot spot developing in the center of an image with reflected IR photography? • A shift in focus. • Large aperture. • Wide-angle lenses. • Slow shutter speed. ```

Large aperture

``` Which of the following is NOT one of the three primary glands that produce sweat? • Eccrine glands • Apocrine glands • Serine glands • Sebaceous glands ```

Serine glands

``` Ninhydrin reacts with • Salts • Lipids • Amino acids • Oil ```

Amino acids

``` Ruhemann’s purple is associated with the reaction of • 1,8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) • Ninhydrin • 1,2-indanedione • 5-methylthioninhydrin ```

Ninhydrin

``` Ninhydrin decomposes at • 125 degrees • 135 degrees • 212 degrees • 241 degrees ```

241 degrees

8-diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) reacts with • Salts • Lipids • Amino acids

Amino acids

``` ,2-Indanedione may be observed with the proper filter at • 395nm • 450nm • 520nm • 610nm ```

520nm

2-Indanedione can enhance Ninhydrin developed prints? • True • False

True

``` The latent fingerprint process that was developed in the United Kingdom utilizing Silver is • Ninhydrin • Indanedione • Vacuum Metal Deposition • Cyanoacrylate Fuming ```

Vacuum metal deposition

``` A clear lens that is used to increase the magnification of a standard lens is known as • Curved field lens • Close-up lens • Reversing ring adaptor • Flexible bellows unit ```

Flexible bellows unit

A macro lens is classified as a flat field lens. • True • False

True

``` What allows the lens to be turned so that the rear element of the lens faces toward the subject? • Curved field lens • Close-up lens • Reversing ring adaptor • Flexible bellows unit ```

Reversing ring adaptor

``` If a color is to be darkened with photography, it is best to use a filter that is • The opposite color • The same color • Violet • Yellow ```

The opposite color

Using a gel lift to recover a latent print will create a print that will be • In the proper orientation • In a reverse position • In a reverse position and an inverted color • An inverted color

In a reverse position